Adaptation and Development of Saivism in Old Javanese World

这个研究项目的目的是根据古爪哇语和梵语文本，阐明爪哇和巴厘岛的赛维主义的适应和发展。其中一个主要产品是注释日文翻译的旧爪哇论文Saivism，Wrhaspartattwa。沿着翻译的是对迄今未知的梵语来源的调查，结果发现，除了Andrea阿克里最近在湿婆悉达多文本中发现的一些平行的梵语诗句之外，Wrhaspartattwa的一些段落与悉达多文本中的段落相对应，如Rauravasutrasamgraha和Parakhya Tantra。更重要的是，Wrhaspartattwa的起源并不局限于Saiva Siddhanta。例如，神圣的克什米尔湿婆经典《湿婆密宗》与《瓦帕提塔瓦》有几处相同的关于数论原则的描述，而在悉达多经典中却没有提到它们。湿婆主义和佛教的关系也可以通过阅读古爪哇语的宗教、历史和文学文本来探讨。这些文本似乎表明这两个宗教团体的共存。《Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan》的一份手稿包含了六重瑜伽的定义，显然与《Wrhaspartattwa》等湿婆典籍中的定义平行。在佛教经典《Sutasoma》中提到了湿婆教义。尽管《经》的作者为了显示佛教的优越性而提到了湿婆教，但佛教界对湿婆教义的某些元素的相对较高的认识是不可忽视的。湿婆和佛陀同化的想法似乎是在爪哇的这种氛围中产生的。

This research project has been carried out to shed some light on the adaptation and development of Saivism in Java and Bali on the basis of both Old Javanese and Sanskrit texts. One of the main products is annotated Japanese translation of the Old Javanese treatise of Saivism, Wrhaspatitattwa. Along with the translation, the investigation of so-far unknown Sanskrit source(s) has been executed, and as a result it has turned out that besides the recent findings by Andrea Acri of a few parallel Sanskrit verses in Saiva Siddhanta texts, some more passages of the Wrhaspatitattwa correspond with those in Siddhantika texts such as the Rauravasutrasamgraha and the Parakhya Tantra. More importantly, the origin of the Wrhaspatitattwa is not confined to the Saiva Siddhanta. For instance, the Svacchanda Tantra, a sacred Kashmir Saiva text, shares several descriptions of the Samkhya-related principles in common with the Wrhaspatitattwa, while there is no reference to them in Siddhantika texts.The relationship of Saivism and Buddhism has also been explored by reading religious, historical and literary texts in the Old Javanese language. These texts seem to suggest the co-existence of the both religious groups. One manuscript of the Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan contains the definition of the six-fold yoga which apparently runs parallel with that in Saiva texts such as the Wrhaspatitattwa. Mention is made of Saiva teachings in the Sutasoma, a Buddhist text. Even though the author of the Sutasoma makes references to Saivism in order to show the superiority of Buddhism, the relatively high awareness of some elements of Saiva doctrines in Buddhist community cannot be neglected. The idea of the assimilation of Siva and Buddha seems to have been produced in such Javanese atmosphere.