Reexamination into the Institutional History of the Han Dynasty by the wooden slips excavated in Zhangjiashan

在这个项目中，我们利用新出土的手稿重新审视了中国古代的法律行政制度。主要资料是在张家山汉墓出土的《二年律令》。在法律制度方面，研究的重点是刑罚制度，特别是强制劳刑制度。秦汉初期存在五种不确定期限的劳刑。他们被认为是根据劳动的艰苦程度来分类的。但是，由于这不是一个客观的标准，因此仅凭这一因素对几种劳动处罚进行分类肯定是困难的。细读《额尔年律令》，我们会发现不同的刑罚类型是根据罪犯的任务和工作班次以及罪犯家属的待遇等几个因素来划分的。在文帝统治时期，对罪犯家庭的各种惩罚都是…这一改革规定了每一种劳役刑的期限，并可能在同一统治时期废除了残害刑。此外，对贵族等级制度也进行了讨论。这些军衔以一种笼统的方式被授予没有任何资格的臣民，这被认为是汉朝的一个特征现象。厄尼安律包括许多关于等级持有者特权的规定。在日本学者以往的研究中，对这些特权是否被实际使用一直持怀疑态度，因此不认为这些特权是平民渴望等级的必要因素。但我们可以肯定地发现，在鄂年庐陵贵族阶层中存在着一些积极的特权，正是由于这些优点，贵族阶层成为社会秩序的重要组成部分，巩固了皇帝的地位。这张纸上的物品，以及其他物品，即：《汉初的贵族等级：等级者的法律特权及其继承》（见：富宫一编，《京都张家山墓出土第247号法令法令研究》，河宇出版社，2006年）就是在上述重新审视的结果中出现的。少

In this project, we reexamined the ancient Chinese legal administrative system, utilizing newly excavated manuscripts. The main material is the Statutes and Ordinances of the Second Year (Ernian luling), which was unearthed from a Han tomb at Zhangjiashan.As for the legal system, the focus of research was put on the penal system, especially the system of compulsory labour punishment There existed five types of labour punishment without a definite duration in the Qin and early Han periods. They are thought to have been classified according to the hardness of labour. But it must have been difficult to classify several types of labour punishment only by this factor, since it is not an objective standard. Intensive reading of the Ernian luling tells us that the different types of punishment were classified by several factors, that is, tasks and work shifts of convicts, and the treatment of convicts' families. In the Emperor Wen's reign, every form of punishment for offenders families was a … More bolished. This reform caused the definite duration for each type of labour punishment to be set, and it probably effected the abolishment of mutilating punishment in the same reign.In addition,- the system of aristocratic ranks was also taken up for discussion. These ranks were given to subjects without any qualification by way of a blanket order and that has been thought to be a characteristic phenomenon of the Han. The Ernian luling include many regulations concerning the privileges of rank holders. In previous studies by Japanese scholars, it has been doubted whether these privileges were actually used, so they were not regarded as an essential factor that made commoners aspire to ranks. But we can surely find some active privileges in Ernian luling Aristocratic ranks should have been desired because of these merits, formed an important part of social order, and strengthened the position of the emperor.The articles given on this sheet, and other articles, i.e. "Aristocratic Rank in the Early Han Dynasty: The Legal Privileges of Rank Holders and their Inheritance" (in: Tomiya, I. (ed.), Studies on the Statutes and Ordinances Excavated from Zhangjiashan Tomb No.247, Kyoto, Hoyu shoten, 2006), appeared as a result of the reexamination mentioned above. Less