On the Rockefeller Foundation's purpose in funding the cyclotron development in1930s

在20世纪30年代，洛克菲勒基金会不仅为加州大学伯克利分校的回旋加速器发展提供了资助，还为法国、丹麦和欧洲其他地区的研究人员提供了资助。这项研究的目的是澄清基金会提供这种支持的目标。过去三年的研究揭示了以下几点：洛克菲勒基金会根据自己的科研政策，为回旋加速器的发展提供了资金支持。从1933年开始，基金会自然科学部主任沃伦·韦弗（Warren Weaver）开始推动实验生物学的发展。实验生物学被定义为“应用实验程序来研究生物的组织和反应”。韦弗关心的是“如何将化学和物理学科更有效地引入生物学”。使用放射性活性指示剂（放射性示踪剂法）被认为是一种很有前途的方法。在这方面，回旋加速器作为一种生产各种人工放射性同位素的手段而受到关注。正是在这种背景下，洛克菲勒基金会在20世纪30年代为回旋加速器的发展提供了支持。洛克菲勒基金会只根据自己的政策提供支持。从哈佛大学的例子中可以看出，基金会拒绝为核研究回旋加速器的发展提供支持。然而，在1940年春天，它向伯克利的项目提供了超过100万美元的拨款，用于建造一个184英寸的回旋加速器，用于生产中介子，这是物质组成研究的前沿。洛克菲勒基金会从规划阶段就深入参与了这个大项目，并提供了启动资金。伯克利的巨大的184英寸电磁铁被纳入美国的原子弹开发计划，并用于开发生产铀弹材料的方法。少

In the 1930s, the Rockefeller Foundation awarded grants for cyclotron development not only to the University of California at Berkeley, but also to researchers in France, Denmark, and other parts of Europe. This study aims to clarify the Foundation's objectives in providing such support. Research done over the past 3 years has revealed the following :1.The Rockefeller Foundation gave financial support for cyclotron development in accordance with its own scientific research policy. Starting in 1933, Warren Weaver, Director of the Foundation's Division of Natural Sciences, began promoting the advancement of experimental biology. Experimental biology was defined as "the application of experimental procedures to the study of the organization and reactions of living matter." Weaver was concerned about "how to bring the discipline of chemistry and physics more effectively into biology." The use of radio active indicators (the radioactive tracer method) was considered to be one promising rese … More arch method, and in this connection the cyclotron was spotlighted as a means to produce a wide variety of artificial radioactive isotopes. It was against this backdrop that the Rockefeller Foundation provided support for cyclotron development in the 1930s.2.The Rockefeller Foundation provided support only on the basis of its own policies. As can be seen in the case of Harvard University, where the Foundation refused support for the development of a cyclotron for nuclear research. In the spring of 1940, however, it awarded a grant of over $1, 000, 000 to Berkeley's project to build a 184-inch cyclotron for the production of mesotrons, which were at the forefront of research on the composition of matter. The Rockefeller Foundation was deeply involved in this big project from the planning stage and provided a grant to get it started. Berkeley's enormous 184-inch electromagnet was incorporated into the United States' atomic bomb development program and used to develop a method of producing the material for the uranium bomb. Less