Design and Management Support System for Promoting the Local Distributed Energy Resources

正如我们所知，我们的社会正在从制造时代进入管理时代。有必要开发一种新的评估方法，运用生命周期思维，在现代经济价值基础上增加长期社会价值，即生命周期价值。然而，到目前为止，仅靠软件技术的发展还不足以解决上述问题。另一方面，随着人们对环境保护和节能意识的提高，节能、低二氧化碳排放的能源利用方法越来越受到重视。在这样的背景下，小型分布式发电系统被不断地引入到需要能源的建筑物或现场区域。在所介绍的系统中，虽然单个设备具有较高的能源利用效率，但当考虑整个能源供应系统时，节能、经济和环保的效果并不一定高。主要原因是：在设计阶段没有配套系统；考虑到生命周期价值，初始投资的决策过程不明确；设备运行过程中不考虑需求场地。在本研究中，提出了一种结构优化和运行优化的DER系统模型。在该模型中，考虑了电能和热量的生产和消耗以及热量的储存。该问题被表述为一个混合整数线性规划（MILP），其目标是使DER系统的总成本最小，即运行成本、年化投资成本等的总和最小。采用分支定界算法（branch and bound, b&b）来解决MILP问题，因为它可以消除各种可能组合中的不必要情况，从而节省大量的计算时间。此外，该算法在涉及部件性能存在各种约束的情况下的计算机仿真中是有效的。此外，还给出了DER的一个示例。分析了日本燃料价格和设备效率对运行时间、运行成本和节能的影响。电价的上涨和天然气价格的下降将增加分布式能源的吸引力。根据系统的负荷功能，在其最佳运行时间，节能、环境改善将达到最大值。与热回收效率相比，当系统总效率一定时，发电效率对节能减排的影响更大。在此基础上，对典型住宅热电联产投资进行了经济优化研究。为了说明最优解随关键参数的变化而变化的情况，进行了灵敏度分析。此外，作为住宅CUP系统的主要组成部分，对储罐的最佳尺寸进行了分析。少

As we know, our society is going into the management-age from manufacturing-age today. And it is necessary to develop a new assessment method, which uses life cycle thinking by adding a long-term social value, life cycle value, to a modem economic value. However, up to now, it is insufficient to solve the above described issue by the development of a soft technology.On the other hand, with the improvement of the concerns on environmental protection and energy-saving, energy utilization methods with energy-saving and low CO2 emissions have got more and more attention. Under such a background, a small-scale distributed power generation system is being continuously introduced in a building or a region on-site where energy is needed. In the system introduced, though each individual equipments has one high energy utilization efficiency, when the entire energy supply system is considered, the effect of energy-saving, economy and environmental protection is not necessarily high. This is becau … More se the following factors: there is not supporting system in design stage; the decision process of an initial investment is unclear considering the life cycle value; the demand site is not considered during the equipment's running.In this research, a model for structural and operational optimization of DER system is presented. In the model, production and consumption of electrical power and heat, storage of heat are taken into account. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) where the objective is to minimize the overall cost of DER system, i.e. the sum of running cost, the annualized investment cost, and so on. The branch and bound (B & B)algorithm is employed to solve the MILP problem because it can save a lot of computation time by eliminating unnecessary cases among every possible combination. Furthermore, this algorithm is efficient in the computer simulation for the case involving the presence of various constraints in the performance for the components.In addition, an illustrative example of DER is presented. We analyzed the effects of fuel price and equipment efficiency on the operation time, running cost and energy saving in Japan. The increase of electricity price and decrease of gas price will increase the attractiveness of distributed energy resource. According to the load function of the system, the energy-saving, environmental improvement will have a maximum value at its optimal operating time. Compared with heat recovery efficiency, power generation efficiency has more influence on the energy saving and CO2 reduction when the total efficiency of system is fixed.Furthermore, an investigation was conducted of economically optimal CHP investment for a prototypical residential building. A sensitivity analysis was elaborated in order to show how the optimal solutions would vary due to changes of some key parameters. In addition, as a main component of residential CUP system, the optimal size of the storage tank was analyzed. Less