The role of machines in music culture : Analysis of its historical and current aspects and perspectives

机器，即被创造来重复执行某一动作的机械装置，自古以来就被用作自然过程的模型，例如天空的运动，因此具有高度的象征价值。音乐也经常被解读为宇宙和谐的象征。因此，控制音乐过程的规则和规则很容易被认为是机器中的机械过程，事实上，这种联系经常从古代到现代的历史来源中被提取出来。早期的音乐机器--或者更笼统地说是“发声机器”--通常在设计时明确提到宇宙的和谐。相反，中世纪的钟表被设计为模拟白天和黑夜的自然过程的机器，通常包含一些音乐装置，如自动装置在特定时间在隆起的钟表上播放曲调。另一方面，音乐也常常被认为是一种“人”或“活的”行为，不能用机器等“死的”材料来模拟。…更“机械的”或“像机器一样”的人类演奏由于机械运动而被批评为“非音乐性的”，与音乐艺术的真正本质形成反差。自18世纪或19世纪以来，这种批评越来越恶毒，当时机械设备在日常生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而，在20世纪，也有运动宣称工厂机器的节奏是现代的真实声音。然而，在过去的二三十年里，数字音乐制作从根本上改变了机器声音的含义。在这个研究项目中，自动机对于音乐思想的历史意义从古代到现在的变化进行了调查。作为这项研究的另一个重点，创建了许多对历史音乐机器的计算机模拟，并启动了机器艺术家和作曲家之间的合作，导致了新艺术作品的创作。研究成果和艺术作品在两次展览和几次音乐会和座谈会上展出。较少

Machines, i.e.mechanical devices that are created to perform a certain action repeatedly, were used since antiquity as a model for natural processes such as the movements of the sky and thus had a highly symbolic value. Music also was often interpreted as a symbol for the harmony of the universe. Thus the rules and regulations that control a musical process could be easily identified with mechanical processes in a machine, and in fact this connection was frequently drawn in historical sources from antiquity to modernity. Early music machines-or more generally "sounding machines"-are often designed with a clear reference to the harmony of the universe. And, in reverse, medieval clocks, designed as machines to model the natural process of day and night, often contain musical devices such as automats playing tunes on a carillon at certain times. On the other hand music also was often regarded as a "human" or "living" behaviour that cannot be simulated by "dead" materials such as machines. … More Also "mechanical" or "machine-like" human playing as a result of mechanical exercise was criticized as "unmusical" and in contrast to the true essence of musical art. This kind of criticism was increasingly virulent since the 18th or 19th century, when mechanical devices played a more and more important role in daily life. In the 20th century, however, there were also movements proclaiming the rhythm of factory machines as the true sound of modern age. In the last two or three decades, however, digital music production has fundamentally changed the meaning of machine-made sound. In this research project, the historically changing meaning of automats for musical thought from antiquity to the present has been investigated. As an additional focus of this research, a number of computer simulations of historical music machines were created, and a collaboration between a machine artist and a composer was initiated that led to the creation of new art works. The research results and art works were presented in two exhibitions and several concerts and symposia. Less