Empirical analysis on consumer behavior in Japan,US and Europe

(1)日本：这项分析考察了20世纪90年代日本家庭住房净值的变化，称为失去的十年，并分析了由于泡沫破裂的冲击而导致的消费者行为的变化。1994年的净资产价值约为1989年的30%。这种急剧下降影响了家庭储蓄行为。由于泡沫破裂时几乎所有家庭都经历了(未实现的)财富贬值，对所有家庭的消费刺激变得更弱。利用Chow检验，本文得出的结论是，由横截面构成的队列不同于由20世纪90年代的时间序列横截面微观数据集产生的队列。(2)美国和日本：在许多国家，宏观经济统计和微观经济统计之间存在差距。为了解释这一差距，本分析检验了Deaton和爱尔兰(1984)最初提出的误报假说。用于估算的数据涉及…的耐用消费品的十个分类在美国的消费者支出调查中，如果一个家庭购买了商品但没有报告金额(第一类错误报告)，或者购买了商品但没有正确报告金额(第二类错误报告)，就会发生误报。第二类错误报告的测量误差的方差很小，在统计上不显著。少报的主要原因是购买了商品但没有报告金额的零支出家庭(第一类错误报告)。(3)欧洲和日本：鉴于世界各地发达工业化社会的人口迅速老龄化，人们对随之而来的后果相当感兴趣。这项分析的重点是欧洲和日本的老年消费者行为。关于人口统计学效应，我们测试了两种类型的规格，如平移和比例，包括被称为阿姆斯特丹标准的同等成人标准对食品支出的影响。我们的研究结果表明，阿姆斯特丹标准仍然适用于欧洲国家的食品支出调整。较少

(1) Japan : This analysis examines changes in net worth in the Japanese householods in the period of the 1990s called Lost Decade and analyzes changes in consumer behavior due to the shock of the Bubble burst. The value of net worth in 1994 was about 30 percent of that in 1989. This drastic decline affected household saving behavior. The stimulus toward consumption for all households became weaker because of the depreciation of (unrealized) wealth experienced by almost all households when the Bubble burst. Using the Chow test the present paper concludes that a cohort made by cross-section is different from a cohort produced by from time series-cross section micro-data sets in the 1990s.(2) US and Japan : In many countries a gap between macroeconomic and microeconomic statistics is observed. To explain the gap, the present analysis tests the misreporting hypothesis originally proposed by Deaton and Irish (1984). The data used for estimation involves ten clusters of consumer durables fro … More m the Consumer Expenditure Survey in the U.S. Misreporting takes place if a household purchased goods but did not report the amount (type 1 misreporting), or it purchased goods but reported the amount incorrectly (type 2 misreporting). The variance of the measurement error in type 2 misreporting is small and is not statistically significant. The main source of underreporting is due to zero expenditure households that purchased goods but did not report the amount (type 1 misreporting).(3) Europe and Japan : Given the rapid aging of populations in advanced industrialized societies around the world, there is considerable interest about the attendant consequences. This analysis focuses on elderly consumer behavior in Europe and Japan. Regarding the demographic effect, we tested two types of specification such as translation and scaling including the equivalent adult scale known as the Amsterdam scale on food expenditure. Our finding indicates the Amsterdam scale is still workable for food expenditure adjustment in European countries. Less