Commuting time, residence, and wages of married women

现有文献表明，已婚女性由于相对较低的工资和相对较重的家庭责任，倾向于选择较短的通勤时间。然而，本文的理论部分提出，高薪职位的已婚女性也会选择短途通勤，而中产阶级已婚女性则选择长途通勤。这些结果表明，已婚女性的通勤时间呈现出向后弯曲的模式。使用日本全职已婚妇女的样本，本文的实证部分似乎也支持这一发现。此外，研究结果还表明，收入高的已婚女性尽管承担着沉重的家庭责任，但通勤时间短，仍然可以获得更多的闲暇时间。

The existing literature has shown that married women tend to choose short commutes because of relatively low wages combined with relatively heavy household responsibilities. The theoretical section of this paper, however, proposes that married women employed in highly paid positions also undertake short commutes, while middle-class married women choose long commutes. These results suggest that the commute times of married women display a backward-bending pattern. Using a sample of full-time employed married women in Japan, the empirical section of this paper also appears to support this finding. Moreover, the results suggest that highly paid married women can still secure greater leisure time with short commutes, despite retaining a heavy load of domestic responsibilities.