Elucidation of defensive pessimism mechanisms and the clinical application

防御性悲观主义者被认为是适应性强的，因为他们的学业成绩很高。然而，关于社交和体育情境的研究却很少。目的是调查对言论、社会和健康状况的防御性悲观情绪。通过对言语情境的因子分析，发现了一个四因子解决方案，这与JDPI一致（Araki, 2008）。

Defensive pessimists are considered to be adaptive because of their high academic performances. However, there are few studies about social and sport situations. The purposes were to investigate the defensive pessimism about situations of speech, social and health. A factor analysis about speech situation revealed a four-factor solution, which is consistent with JDPI(Araki, 2008)