Changes of "verisimilitude" or "likeness" in multimedia conditions : what is the "naturalness" for cultures of representations.

我们的研究项目团队处理表征问题，其重点是“逼真”或“相似”（表达与外观或现象之间的关系）。我们从两个角度来研究这个问题，一个是理论的，另一个是实例的。在这些观点下，我们组织了一次国际研讨会、几次研究会议和两次实地工作，每次都进行了长时间的热烈讨论。在理论研究中，我们通过思考存在与现象、自然与文化、普遍性与特殊性等对比或对立的哲学概念如何在表征维度上交织在一起，尽可能全面地处理放置在哪里以及如何评价“逼真”或“相似”的问题。在示范研究中，我们通过社会心理学案例研究表明，在信息社会中，新闻和新闻相似，或事件（案例）和事件（案例）相似是密切相互依存的。文学案例研究表明，戏剧人物的塑造更多地依赖于“逼真”或“相似”，而不是真实，当文学作品关注某些地区或地区的特征时，文化规范的作用远远大于该地区或地区的真实情况。此外，我们的团队通过对美术的研究阐明，在美术领域真正重要的不是真实（生活），而是代表性（看起来是真实的）。进一步，通过对电影的分析，我们发现在电影中形成“逼真”或“相似”的不仅是“自然”的语法，还有人体的物理反射。通过对电视历史电影和摄影电影的分析，我们证明了“真实”和“呈现真实”是不可能泾渭分明的。通过对文化语境或习俗中的“逼真”或“相似”的研究，我们明确了每一种文化的“逼真”或“相似”都是多种复杂文化因素的产物，这种“逼真”或“相似”（这种表现所反映的真理）的单一起源是无法描绘的。通过这些方式，我们基本上完成了项目的目标，即从“逼真”或“相似”的角度，具体而全面地重新思考现当代表征文化的发展，将表征文化的诞生和变化重新思考为“自然性”的形成和变化。少

Our research project team treated the problem of representations, of which the focal point is "verisimilitude" or "likeness"(relations between expression and appearance or phenomenon). We approached this problem from two perspectives, one theoretical, and the other exemplary. In these perspectives we organized one international symposium, several research meetings, and two field works, and made many long and lively discussions on each occasion. In theoretical researches, we treated as comprehensively as possible the problem of where to place and how to evaluate "verisimilitude" or "likeness," by thinking how contrastive or opponent philosophical concepts such as beings and phenomena, nature and culture, and generality and particularity, are intertwined on the dimension of representations. In exemplary researches, we showed by socio-psychological case studies that in information societies news and news-likeness, or events (cases) and event (case)-likeness are closely interdependent. We … More demonstrated by literary case studies that in theater formation of characters depends much more on "verisimilitude" or "likeness" than on truth, and that when literary works focus on characteristics of some regions or districts, cultural codes plays much greater roles than the real situations of those regions or districts. Moreover, our team clarified by research of fine arts that what really matters in that field is not truth (life) but representativeness (appearing to be true). Further on, by analyses of movies, we ascertained that what forms "verisimilitude" or "likeness" there, is not only the grammar of "naturalness" but also the physical reflexes of human bodies. By analyses of historical movies made for TV and of photo-movies, we proved that it is impossible to distinguish definitely "being true" from "appearing true." Through researches concerning "verisimilitude" or "likeness" in cultural contexts or customs, we made it clear that each cultural "verisimilitude" or "likeness" is a product of multiple and complicated cultural factors and that no single origin of such "verisimilitude" or "likeness" (the truth reflected in such representation) can be delineated. In these ways, we mostly accomplished the objective of our project, that is, concrete and comprehensive reconsiderations of the developments of the modern and contemporary cultures of representations from the perspective of "verisimilitude" or "likeness," rethinking the birth and the changes of cultures of representations as formations and changes of "naturalness." Less