The Cosmic Energy Inventory : Construction and Consistency Investigations

其中两个值得注意的发现是：（i）星系的质量分布在远离引力束缚半径（维里半径）的地方，以及（ii）星系外存在大量的尘埃，即。例如，星系中的恒星产生的尘埃甚至被吹到星系晕之外的距离。这意味着宇宙中并不是空无一物的。当弱引力透镜作用于大的星系类星体样本时，我们可以估算出柱状物质的密度。当绘制成与星系距离的函数时，它给了我们星系的质量分布作为距离的函数，并借助于N体模拟（仅暗物质），这些模拟受到观测到的质量分布的约束。其结果是星系的质量扩展到邻近星系的中间，远远超过维里半径，维里半径所包含的质量仅为总质量的25%。这个结果适用于作为星系和重子主要成分的暗物质。这也解释了两种质量密度估计之间的差异，一种是用光度密度乘以星系的平均质光比，另一种是用宇宙微波背景起伏等全球估计。另一个显著的结果是，尘埃不仅存在于星系盘的HI区域，而且存在于星系外，甚至超过维里半径，而尘埃被认为是由星系盘中的恒星产生的。星系盘外的尘埃总量与星系盘内的一样多，甚至更多。当这两种成分都被加入时，宇宙中的尘埃量就变得与宇宙时间内星星形成历史所预期的累积量一致。银河系外的部分解释了宇宙能量清单中失踪的尘埃，现在它关闭了。

The two noteworthy findings, among others, are that(i) the mass of galaxies is distributed far away to the distance beyond the gravitational binding radius(virial radius), and(ii) a significant amount of dust is present outside galaxies, i. e., dust produced in stars in galaxies is blown out even to the distance beyond the galactic haloes. These mean that the universe is not empty anywhere.Weak gravitational lensing, when applied to large galaxy-quasar samples, leads us to estimate the column mass density. When plotted as a function of the distance from galaxies, it gives us mass distribution of galaxies as a function of the distance with the aid of N body simulations(dark matter only) which are constrained by the observed mass distribution. The result is that the mass associated with galaxies is extended to the middle to the neibouring galaxy, far beyond the virial radius, and the mass contained in the virial radius is only 25% of the total. This result applies both dark matter that is the main component of the galaxy and baryons. This also explains the discrepancy between the two mass density estimates, one using the luminosity density times the average mass-to-light ratio of galaxies and the other the global estimate using such as the cosmic microwave background fluctuation.The other conspicuous result is that dust is present not only in HI regions of galactic discs but also outside the galaxy, even beyond the virial radius, while dust is supposed to be produced by stars in galactic discs. The integrated amount of dust present outside galactic discs is as much as, or even more than, that in galactic discs. When added both component the amount of dust in the universe becomes consistent with the accumulated amount expected from the star formation history over the cosmic time. The extragalactic component accounts for missing dust in the cosmic energy inventory and it now closes.