Study on the social evolution in hover wasps (Stenogastrinae) from phylogenetic and biogeographical points of view

利用巢型特征（成虫、幼虫形态特征、巢型结构）和DNA序列数据，对食蚜蜂亚科（Steogastrinae）的巢型和社会行为特征进行了分支分析，结果表明：食蚜蜂亚科（Steogastrinae）的巢型和社会行为特征在进化枝图上是最优的。(1)利用植物材料的巢建设是祖先和使用疯狂的巢建设中观察Liostenogaster已二次派生。(2)作为抗蚂蚁的防御系统，在巢底部附近的帽状障碍物的构造被认为是祖先的，并且在Parischnogaster中发现的粘性分泌物的使用和在Eustenogaster中的包膜的构造被认为是独立衍生的。(3)沿着巢被的不可扩展性，缺乏帮手的群体生活在Eustenogaster中被二次衍生。

Based on the opitimization of nest structure and social behavioral characters on cladograms of hover wasps (Steogastrinae) resulted from cladistic analyses using phenotypic (adult and larval morpholgy, and nest structure) characters and DNA sequence data, the followings were suggested.(1) Use of plant material for nest construction is ancetral and use of mad in nest construction observed in Liostenogaster has been secondarily derived.(2) As anti-ant defense systems, the construction of cap-like obstacle(s) near the base of a nest is thought to be ancetral, and use of sticky secretion found in Parischnogaster and construction of an envelope in Eustenogaster are assumed to be independetly derived.(3) Along with the construction of an unexpandable nest envelope, colony life lacking helpers was secondarily derived in Eustenogaster.