East Asia's Influence on the Universalization of European International Law

本项目的主要目的是澄清东亚在欧洲国际法普遍化进程中的作用，这一进程有两个阶段。在第一个阶段，直到19世纪上半叶，欧洲国际法的真正适用范围仅限于欧洲本身，因此，在东亚的影响下，欧洲国际法的普遍化仍然纯粹是理论上的。第二阶段出现在19世纪下半叶，欧洲国际法的真正适用范围扩展到东亚，由于国际法在欧洲与东亚列强外交中的实践，欧洲国际法经历了变化。关于第一阶段的相关问题，早在欧洲和东亚大国交往加剧之前，就已经收集了相当多的历史文献来阐明东亚对欧洲国际法的影响。分析和学术写作的工作必须尽快完成。关于东亚对欧洲国际法影响的第二阶段的相关问题，问题不在于国际法如何改变东亚关系，而在于国际法在东亚的适用如何影响到在此之前具有文明偏见的欧洲国际法。假定欧洲国际法的规则必须修改为普遍适用和可接受的规范，但尚未收集到足够的外交文件来证明这一假定。很明显，为了全面了解这一进程，必须考虑到19世纪的俄罗斯外交；这也是本研究尚未如预期的那样以书籍出版的形式结束的主要原因。

The main purpose of the present project was to clarify the role of East Asia in the process of universalization of European international law, which had two phases. The first was the phase where, until the first half of the Nineteenth century, the real sphere of application of European international law was limited to Europe itself and thus the universalization, under East Asia's influence, of European international law remained purely theoretical. The second phase comes in the latter half of the Nineteenth century, where the real sphere of application of European international law extended to East Asia, where European international law went through changes because of the practice of international law in European diplomacy with East Asian powers.As to the issues related to the first phase, quite a few historical documents have been collected to clarify the influence of East Asia on European international law since well before the intensification of intercourse between European and East Asian powers. Work of analysis and academic writing must be pursued and finished as soon as possible.As to the issues related to the second phase of East Asia's influence on European international law, the question is not how international law changes East Asian relations, but how its application in East Asia affected European international law which had a civilizational bias until then. It is assumed that rules of European international law must have been modified into universally applicable and acceptable norms, but there had not been sufficient collection yet of diplomatic documents to prove this assumption. It became apparent that, in order to get the full perspective of the process in question, Russian diplomacy in the Nineteenth century must be taken in consideration ; which is mostly the reason why this research is not concluded yet in the form of a book publication as expected.