A Study on Regional Sustainable Humanosphere in Indonesia Based on Long-term Data and Field Work

自1998年以来的民主化和权力下放，以及随后的经济发展，特别是2008年之后的印度尼西亚，给爪哇农村社会经济带来了巨大的变化。无地家庭的比例从1990年的56%或1904年的32%增加到2012年的80%。这一变化的部分原因是家庭数量的增加和家庭成员的减少，部分原因是非农业部门的发展以及临时移民到雅加达的增加。面对世纪后半期森林砍伐和水资源短缺的问题，国家加强了森林管理和灌溉排水管理。目前的民主化废除了甘蔗的强制种植。人们的倡议促进了集约农业（红洋葱），非农业（例如。制砖和服装），以及在私人边缘土地上植树。

Democratization and decentralization since 1998, and following economic development,especially after 2008 in Indonesia has brought about big changes of Javanese Rural socio-economy. The percentage of landless households increased to 80% in 2012, from 56% in 1990, or 32% in 1904. This change was partly because of the increase of the number of household and the decrease of per-household member, and partly because of the development of non-agricultural sector as well as increase of temporary migration to Jakarta. On the other hand the number of population did not increase largely.Faced with deforestation and water shortage at the latter half of 19th century, forest management and irrigation/drainage control by state was strengthened. Present democratization abolished the coerce cultivation of sugar cane. People's initiatives promote the business of intensive agriculture (red onion), non-agriculture(ex. brick making and apparel), and tree planting at the private marginal lands.