Education of Educational Studies at Universities: A comparative study of Japan and Germany

日本的大学和学院提供两种类型的教育研究，根据大学的类型、目的和课程而不同。在研究型大学，最近在教育研究领域的尝试似乎旨在实现作为人文或社会科学学科的自治。在师范院校的教师教育院系中，教育研究更具有现实的目的，即为真正的学校教育做出贡献。这些类型的学院和院系为教师教育制定了能力和能力标准，从而使教育成果对利益相关者可见。在德国的大学里，一方面，研究者们研究了理论和实践是如何同时分离和相互联系的；核心问题是教师的专业性。另一方面，德国的大学目前正在分享教师能力的模式。

Japanese universities and colleges offer two types of educational studies that differ according to the type of university, purposes, and curricula. At research universities, recent attempts in the field of educational studies appear to be aimed at achieving autonomy as a discipline of the humanities or social sciences. In teachers colleges and university departments of teacher education, educational studies have a more practical purpose, namely, to contribute to real school education. These types of colleges and departments set standards of competence and abilities for teacher education so as to make educational outcomes visible to stakeholders. At German universities, on the one hand, researchers have studied how theory and practice have been simultaneously divided and interlocked ; and the central issue has been teacher professionalism. On the other hand, German universities are currently sharing the model of teacher competence.