Phylogenic analysis of the superfamily Scarabaeoidea based on morphological and molecular characters

给出了金龟甲总科的分类表，分别为：金龟甲科、金龟甲科、金龟甲科、金龟甲科、金龟甲科、金龟甲科、金龟甲科、金龟甲科、金龟甲科。基于32个形态特征，利用PAUP对黄花菊亚科5属20种和外群Passalinae亚科5种进行了系统发育分析。结果表明，天竺葵属植物的单系性具有较高的自举概率。ceracutes和cydrocaulus的单系性也得到了高概率的证实。结果表明，Aulacocyclus科5属间的亲缘关系为：（Aulacocyclus + Taeniocerus） cornacues) ceracues)圆柱杯（cydrocaulus）。然而，基于线粒体COI基因序列数据的系统发育分析表明，它们的亲缘关系不同，为（(Taeniocerus + ceracutes) cydrocaulus）（Aulacocyclus + comacutes）。为了得到更可靠的结果，需要基于更长的序列进行进一步分析。此外，测定了金龟科、金龟科、金龟科和金龟科代表科的线粒体16S rRNA序列（约480 bp）。蠓科与蠓科、蠓科与金龟科、蠓科与金龟科的序列差异（%）分别为26.9 ~ 40.2、22.2 ~ 31.2和28.5。

A key to the Scarabaeoidea families, Lucanidae, Passalidae, Ceratocanthidae, Bolboceratidae, Hybosolidae, Ochodaeidae, Aphodiidae, Scarabaeidae, was provided, and the diagnostic morphological characters were reviewed and illustrated for these families.Phylogenetic analysis was made for 20 species of the 5 genera of the subfamily Aulacocyclinae and 5 species of the subfamily Passalinae as an outgroup based on 32 morphological characters by using the PAUP.As a result, the monophyly of Aulacocyclinae was supported with a high bootstrap probability. The monophylies of Ceracupes and Cylindrocaulus were also confirmed with high probabilities. The phylogenetic relationship among the 5 genera of Aulacocyclinae was estimated as follows : ((Aulacocyclus + Taeniocerus) Cornacupes) Ceracupes) Cylindrocaulus). However, phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence data of mitochondrial COI gene suggested the different relationship as ((Taeniocerus + Ceracupes) Cylindrocaulus)(Aulacocyclus + Comacupes)). Further analysis based on a much longer sequence is desired in order to have more reliable results.In addition, the sequence of mitochondrial 16S rRNA (about 480 bp) were determined for the representative families of Scarabaeoidea, Passalidae, Lucanidae and Scarabaidae. The sequence divergences (%) were 26.9-40.2, 22.2-31.2 and 28.5 between Lucanidae and Passalidae, Lucanidae and Scarabaeidae, and Passalidae and Scarabaeidae, respectively.