Vehicle Emission Retrofit Activities (VERA)

VERA将开发、优化和展示创新的排气管改造解决方案，以解决使用汽油和天然气以及在城市内行驶高里程的道路车辆（出租车、货车、公共汽车）的颗粒（低于23纳米）和氮氧化物排放问题，同时将特别考虑NH3排放问题。系统适应性将通过所有改造系统的中央开发方法来确保，允许根据每个应用的要求进行快速和准确的优化，同时使用创新的外套和紧凑的包装将成本降至最低。针对道路车辆的制动颗粒排放，将开发、部署和优化各种制动改造解决方案，包括主动过滤系统，捕获产生的颗粒，以及创新的制动盘和制动垫，以减少制动磨损。这两种解决方案的结合将旨在最大限度地减少刹车颗粒，而替代生产技术将被应用于降低成本。地铁应用中的制动颗粒也将通过主动过滤系统和适当加工的垫来解决，涵盖两种类型的制动技术。VERA的制动解决方案结合了独特的优势：它们都可以用于首次安装在新车上，盘和垫可以为任何车辆制造作为替换部件，而捕获系统可以应用于从公路车辆到地铁。此外，还将结合现场测量和地铁站和隧道内粒子扩散的模拟，评估地铁站工作人员和乘客的暴露情况。在对这些系统进行详细评价之后，将进行一项影响评估研究，着重说明拟议的解决办法相对于其成本的好处。将分析对环境和健康的影响，同时将在成本效益分析的设想中考虑可能的改造奖励和管理办法

VERA will develop, optimise and demonstrate innovative tailpipe retrofit solutions that address particle (sub-23nm) and NOx emissions of road vehicles running on gasoline and natural gas and driving high mileages within the city (taxi, delivery van, bus), while particular considerations will be made for NH3 emissions. System adaptability will be ensured by a central development methodology for all the retrofit systems, allowing fast and accurate optimisation according to the requirements of each application, while the cost will be minimised using innovative washcoats and compact packaging. A variety of brake retrofit solutions will be developed, deployed and optimised for brake particle emissions of road vehicles, comprising an active filtration system capturing the generated particles and innovative brake discs and pads to reduce brake wear. The combination of the two solutions will aim at the maximum reduction of brake particles, while alternative production techniques will be applied to reduce the cost. Brake particles from metro applications will be also addressed with an active filtration system and properly machined pads, covering two types of braking technologies. The brake solutions of VERA combine unique advantages: they can all be used for first installation on new vehicles, the discs and pads can be manufactured for any vehicle as replacement parts, while the capturing system can be applied from road vehicles to metros. Further to the systems, exposure of workers and passengers in a metro station will be assessed with combined field measurements and modelling of particle dispersion inside stations and tunnels. Following the detailed evaluation of the systems, an impact assessment study will highlight the benefits of the proposed solutions against their cost. Both environmental and health impacts will be analysed, while possible incentive and regulatory schemes for retrofitting will be considered in the scenarios of the cost-benefit analysis