CIRCANNUAL RHYTHMS, BEHAVIOR AND REPRODUCTION

总体目标是明确哺乳动物的神经内分泌基础。 一年一次的行为节律(汽车)。所有的实验都将进行 在金毛地松鼠(Spermophilus Lateralis)身上。目标 包括：(1)评估松果体在光包裹中的作用 关于汽车；(2)阐述光和褪黑素的携带方式 (3)CARS对褪黑激素的相响应曲线和 雌二醇；(4)测定褪黑素和雌二醇的神经部位 移相汽车；(5)在大脑中定位一年一次的起搏器；(6) 评估年度组织中的性别差异；(7)评估 视交叉上核在丘脑室旁核时间组织中的作用 冬眠汽车和(8)确定内源性性腺激素 防止麻木，并发出冬眠季节结束的信号。 人类年度节律的生物学起源，包括季节节律 情感障碍，是被普遍接受的。中国汽车研究述评 动物仍然是这一主题的主要信息来源，并持有 理解和操纵人类汽车的最好前景。

The overall goal is to specify the neuroendocrine bases for mammalian circannual rhythms (CARs) in behavior. All experiments will be conducted on the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis). Aims include: (1) assessing the role of the pineal gland in photic entrainment of CARs; (2) elaborating the ways in which light and melatonin entrain CARs; (3) characterizing the phase response curve of CARs to melatonin and estradiol; (4) determining neural sites at which melatonin and estradiol phase-shift CARs; (5) localizing circannual pacemakers in the brain; (6) assessing sex differences in circannual organization; (7) evaluating the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in temporal organization of the hibernation CAR and (8) establishing whether endogenous gonadal hormones prevent torpor and signal the end of the hibernation season. The biological origin of human annual rhythms, including seasonal affective dysfunctions, is generally accepted. The study of CARs in animals remains the major source of information on the subject and holds the best prospect of understanding and manipulating human CARs.