The Early Journalism of G.K. Chesterton and Charles Masterman: Literature, democracy and Christianity.

这项研究集中在二十世纪初的一股自由主义新闻业上，它描绘了民主、基督教和文学文化之间的紧密联系。站在最前列的是G.K.切斯特顿(1874-1936)和C.F.G.马斯特曼(1873-1927)，他们是流行机构以及某种程度上知识自由主义的定期专栏作家，也是基督教期刊，如《基督教联邦》和《领航员》。他们对发行量最高的自由派日报《每日新闻》的贡献，将是这项研究的一个突出特点。这项研究旨在找出他们早期与基督教社会联盟(Christian Social Union)联系在一起时的自由主义信仰的基础，以及他们在帝国扩张和城市化之后对英格兰叙事的大量参与。它试图在切斯特顿的著作中突出民主的宇宙影响，特别是他对有组织的自由主义作为民主变革工具的局限性的日益增长的认识。虽然马斯特曼更多地参与了自由党的工作，1906年成为议员，1908年成为内阁大臣，但他早期的作品也受到包容、文化和政治的理想的鼓舞。这一点在两人的文学评论和文章中最为明显；两人都反对最近的自由主义运动，拥抱团结而不是分裂的文学和艺术潮流，流行而不是精英主义，植根于对人类生活本质的乐观而不是悲观。他们特别关注将维多利亚时代早期和中期的英国文学转化为民主优势，将其与易卜生和左拉的现实主义以及哲学上的叔本华的悲观主义对立起来，这只是他们的两个目标。这项研究将强调这股20世纪早期自由主义与植根于进化理性主义的自由主义的不同之处；它还将强调切斯特顿和马斯特曼的自由新闻主义与与亨利·马辛汉相关的前卫潮流的独特之处。这项研究的第一个目的是收集G·K·切斯特顿对领先的自由主义日报--1901-1913年的每日新闻--做出的重大贡献，出版一本四卷本。这篇文章将从头到尾都有注解，并将包含一篇介绍性文章，为理解他作为一名自由派记者的角色提供一个关键框架。它将为研究第一次世界大战前几年英国的政治思想和精神信仰提供关键资源。第二个目标是写两篇被引用的文章，将切斯特顿的新闻业与他的朋友查尔斯·马斯特曼1914年前的工作进行比较。第一组将比较他们使用文学散文作为宣传其政治和宗教理想的工具。第二，他们将考虑更广泛的角色，一方面是基督教的传教士，反对世俗主义，另一方面是宗教多元化，在基督教联邦、飞行员、民族、回声以及每日新闻等机构中。第三个目标是向对切斯特顿、自由史和英国民主权利的增强感兴趣的相关用户群体传播这项研究，特别是以英格兰为中心。朱莉娅·斯台普顿是唯一的研究员。这项研究将主要在达勒姆进行，研究行程将前往科林代尔的报纸图书馆和伯明翰大学图书馆，那里存放着马斯特曼的论文。在编写切斯特顿《每日新闻专栏》的过程中，将采用的方法是文本编纂和训诫。在准备这两篇期刊文章时，将对切斯特顿和马斯特曼作为记者在共同的自由环境中的作用、信念和议程进行比较分析。

This research centres on a strand of liberal journalism in the early years of the twentieth century that drew a tight link between democracy, Christianity, and literary culture. At its forefront was G.K. Chesterton (1874-1936) and C.F.G. Masterman (1873-1927), regular columnists in the organs of popular and to some extent intellectual liberalism, as well as in Christian journals such as The Christian Commonwealth and The Pilot. Their contributions to The Daily News, the Liberal daily with the highest circulation, will be a prominent feature of the research. The research intends to draw out the basis of their liberal beliefs in their early association with the Christian Social Union, as well as their heavy engagement with narratives of Englishness in the wake of imperial expansion, on the one hand, and urbanisation, on the other. It seeks to highlight the cosmic reach of democracy in Chesterton's writings, especially, and his increasing sense of the limitations of organised liberalism as an instrument of democratic change. While Masterman was more heavily involved with the Liberal Party, becoming an MP in 1906 and a Cabinet minister in 1908, his early writings were also animated by an ideal of inclusivity, cultural as well as political. This was most evident in the literary reviews and essays of the two men; both turned against the recent, fin de siècle movement to embrace literary and artistic currents that were unifying rather than divisive, popular rather than elitist, and rooted in optimism rather than pessimism about the nature of human life. They were particularly concerned to turn the literature of early and mid-Victorian England to democratic advantage, pitting it against the realism of Ibsen and Zola and the pessimism of Schopenhauer in philosophy to name but two of their targets. The research will emphasise the distinctiveness of this strand of early-twentieth century Liberalism against that which was rooted in evolutionary rationalism; it will also emphasise the distinctiveness of the Liberal journalism of Chesterton and Masterman against the avant-garde stream associated with Henry Massingham, in particular.The first aim of the research is to draw together the substantial contribution of G.K. Chesterton to the leading liberal daily, The Daily News from 1901-1913 in one, four-volume edition. This will be annotated throughout and will contain an introductory essay providing a critical framework for understanding his role as a liberal journalist. It will provide a key resource for studying political thought and spiritual belief in England in the years leading up to the First World War.A second aim is to write two refereed articles comparing Chesterton's journalism with the work of his friend Charles Masterman before 1914. The first will compare their use of the literary essay as a vehicle for promoting their political and religious ideals. The second will consider their wider role as proselytisers for Christianity against secularism on the one hand and religious pluralism on the other in organs such as The Christian Commonwealth, The Pilot, The Nation, The Echo, as well as the Daily News. It will highlight the implications for liberalism of this engagement.A third aim is to disseminate the research to relevant user groups interested in Chesterton, Liberal history, and the enhancement of democratic rights in the United Kingdom, particularly centred on England.Julia Stapleton is the sole researcher. The research will mainly be carried out in Durham, with research trips to the Newspaper Library at Colindale and to Birmingham University Library, where Masterman's papers are deposited. In the preparation of the edition of Chesterton's Daily News columns, the methodology used will be that of textual compilation and exegesis. In preparing the two journal articles, comparative analysis will be undertaken of the role, beliefs and agendas of Chesterton and Masterman as journalists in a shared Liberal milieu.