Greeks and Barbarians: Connected Histories (archaic-hellenistic periods)

该项目考察了公元前一千年希腊人和非希腊人之间的社会、政治、经济和文化互动。它关注两个引人入胜的悖论。在古代和古典时期，希腊人在更广阔、更古老、更富裕、更强大的近东帝国（如阿契美尼德波斯帝国）面前，只是一个相对贫穷的小民族。然而，从公元前6世纪开始，受波斯人统治的各种非希腊社会开始吸收和适应希腊文化的各种元素。第二个悖论正好相反。例如，虽然罗马文学与希腊文学有着直接的互文关系，罗马艺术明确地指的是希腊艺术的模式和风格，但在希腊和近东文化的情况下，实际上没有任何等同的东西：希腊文化给人的印象是一个封闭的系统，可能会借用，但不会模仿。毫无疑问，希腊文化的封闭性是一种幻觉，它深深得益于与其他文化的互动；然而，这种特殊的、中介形式的文化互动需要解释。这个项目将研究这两个悖论相互关联和相互解释的许多方式。为了研究希腊人和野蛮人之间的互动，我们需要将他们置于四个平行世界中。第一个是网络世界，在从西地中海延伸到东地中海甚至更远的区域内移动人员、货物和思想/技术。第二个是apoikiai（殖民地）的世界，有组织的希腊社区遍布整个地中海和黑海。第三个是泛希腊世界，这是一个分散的、虚构的希腊社区，由共享但分裂的活动、空间、意义和项目维持。第四个是东方帝国创造的文化互动世界，以及希腊人和非希腊人在帝国框架内互动的各种方式。结合起来，这些平行世界创造了三个重要现象。第一类是由贸易、雇佣军服务、移民、奴役和流放造成的希腊和非希腊侨民。第二个是全球化的复杂过程：物质和文化共通的出现，不同的人和社区可能会参与一个共享符号和意义的世界，使用共享的物质文化形式，采用共享的交流方式，甚至分享共享的身份形式。第三是“全球化”：利用全球共通的元素来表达或重新定义当地的文化和实践，甚至抵制全球化的进程。希腊文化的形成及其对非希腊社区的广泛影响，必须在上述四个平行世界以各种方式释放的全球化和全球化进程中加以理解。由于该项目以四个世界和上述两个悖论为中心，它的主要焦点是古代（公元前800-480年）和古典时期（公元前479-323年）的东地中海，当时希腊人没有统治非希腊社会，而是经常被东方帝国统治。尽管如此，该项目还将投入大量的空间来研究希腊化时期（公元前323-31年），研究古代-古典时期过程的连续性及其在空间上的强化和扩展，以及亚历山大大帝征服后统治非希腊社会的希腊-马其顿君主制的建立所带来的变化。

This project examines the social, political, economic and cultural interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks during the first millennium BCE. It focuses on two fascinating paradoxes. During the archaic and classical periods the Greeks were a small and relatively impoverished peripheral people to the wider, older, richer and more powerful world of the Near Eastern empires, such as the Achaemenid Persian Empire. And yet already from the sixth century BCE various non-Greek societies that were subject to the Persians started to adopt and adapt various elements of Greek culture. The second paradox works in the opposite direction. While Roman literature, for example, is in a direct intertextual relationship with Greek literature, and Roman art explicitly refers to the models and styles of Greek art, there is effectively nothing equivalent in the case of Greek and Near Eastern cultures: Greek culture gives the appearance of a closed system which might borrow but does not imitate. There is no doubt that the closed nature of Greek culture is an illusion and that it was deeply indebted to its interaction with other cultures; nevertheless, this peculiar and mediated form of cultural interaction needs to be explained. This project will study the many ways in which these two paradoxes are interrelated and explain each other. In order to study the interactions between Greeks and Barbrarians we need to situate them within four parallel worlds. The first is the world of networks moving people, goods, and ideas/technologies within the area extending from the Western to Eastern Mediterranean and beyond. The second is the world of apoikiai (colonies), the organised Greek communities which dotted the whole Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The third is the Panhellenic world, a decentralised, imaginary Greek community maintained by shared yet divisive activities, spaces, meanings and projects. The fourth is the world of cultural interaction created by the empires of the East and the variety of ways in which Greeks and non-Greeks interacted within this imperial framework. In combination, these parallel worlds created three important phenomena. The first is the Greek and non-Greek diasporas created by trade, mercenary service, immigration, enslavement and exile. The second is the complex process of globalisation: the emergence of a material and cultural koine, whereby various people and communities might come to participate in a world of shared symbols and meanings, use a shared form of material culture, employ a shared means of communication and even partake of shared forms of identity. The third is that of 'glocalisation': the use of elements of the global koine to express or redefine local culture and practices or even to resist the very process of globalisation. The formation of Greek culture, as well as its' widespread influence on non-Greek communities, has to be understood within the globalising and glocalising processes unleashed in various ways within the four parallel worlds described above. Because the project is centred on the four worlds and the two paradoxes described above, its main focus is the Eastern Mediterranean in the archaic (800-480 BC) and the classical (479-323 BC) periods, when the Greeks did not rule over non-Greek societies but were often ruled by the empires of the East. Nevertheless, the project will also devote a significant amount of space to the Hellenistic period (323-31 BC), examining both the continuities with the processes of the archaic-classical periods and their intensification and expansion in space, as well as the changes brought by the creation of the Graeco-Macedonian monarchies that ruled over non-Greek societies in the aftermath of the conquests of Alexander the Great.