Scratching below the surface: empire, authority, and venereal disease (Mexico City, 1789-1798)

这个项目源于一位爱尔兰医生丹尼尔·奥沙利文（Daniel O 'Sullivan）发现的未经探索的报告，该报告涉及18世纪90年代初在墨西哥城进行的一系列关于非汞疗法治疗性病效果的试验（Relación histórico-crítica; Carta circular）。这些报告和信函清楚地表明，医疗当局和教会当局之间的关系存在一定程度的紧张和怀疑，而这种紧张和怀疑迄今仍未得到探讨。他们抛出了新的，虽然有争议的，对当地墨西哥医院的内部治理，并提出了有关的个人在这一时期的医疗事业和医疗科学界在十八世纪的西班牙帝国内使用赞助人的方式取得进展的问题。关于在这一时期选择在西班牙美洲建立职业生涯的外国医生，特别是爱尔兰人，我们仍然不知道很多：他们成功或失败建立社会和专业网络的方式;他们在医疗实践发展中发挥的作用;以及他们在西班牙美洲的现实中谈判时经常出现的紧张局势。它将特别建立在约翰·泰特·朗宁（John Tate Lanning）对医疗权力结构的开创性研究，以及最近对医疗培训、实践和网络的研究，包括米鲁纳·阿奇姆（Miruna Achim）最近对蜥蜴治疗性病的研究。从更广泛的意义上讲，这项研究也可以放在欧洲和西班牙美洲之间的关系，以及爱尔兰和欧洲之间的关系的学术研究中，特别是在科学思想的传播和接受方面，以及医学和科学在帝国“愿景”中的作用，以及爱尔兰参与军事事务。 本研究将分析他的报告，并通过对与这些事件和这一时期相关的一系列官方军队、医院和大学文件的比较分析，评估他对殖民地医院系统内外的渎职、谋杀、欺骗和腐败指控的真实性。该项目旨在询问两个主要文件，探索一个自我意识建构的叙述的歧义，以了解：外国和当地医生之间的关系紧张（包括派驻军队的人员）;对墨西哥和欧洲医疗机构行使权力的看法（真实的原始医学和真实的国家医学院）;国家网络（在这种情况下是爱尔兰）和赞助的使用为跨大西洋的科学思想运动提供了媒介。

This project has grown out of the discovery of unexplored reports by an Irish physician, Daniel O'Sullivan, relating to a series of trials into the effect of non-mercurial cures for venereal disease held in Mexico City in the early 1790s (Relación histórico-crítica; Carta circular). The reports and correspondence clearly indicate a level of tension and suspicion in relationships among the medical and ecclesiastical authorities that has, to date, remained unexplored. They throw new, though controversial, light on the internal governance of local Mexican hospitals and raise questions relating to the means by which individuals progressed in their medical careers during this period and the use of patronage within medico-scientific circles in the eighteenth-century Spanish empire. Much is still unknown about foreign practitioners, especially the Irish, who chose to forge a career in the Spanish Americas during this period: the means by which they succeeded or failed to establish social and professional networks; the role they played in the development of medical practices; and tensions frequently evident as they negotiate the realities of the Spanish Americas. It will build particularly upon the seminal study into medical power structures undertaken by John Tate Lanning, and more recent work into medical training, practices and networks, including Miruna Achim's recent study of lizard remedies for venereal disease. In broader terms, the research can also be placed within scholarship on the relationship between Europe and the Spanish Americas, and between Ireland and Europe, especially in terms of the transmission and reception of scientific ideas, and the role of medicine and science within the 'vision' of empire, and Irish involvement in military affairs. This study will analyse his reports and assess the veracity of his accusations of malpractice, murder, deceit and corruption, within the colonial hospital system and beyond through a comparative analysis of a range of official army, hospital, and university documents associated to these events and this period. The project aims to interrogate two main documents, exploring the ambiguities of a self-consciously constructed narrative in order to understand: the tensions in the relationship between the foreign and local medical practitioners (including those posted with the military); perception of Mexican and European medical institutions in the exercise of authority (Real Protomedicato and Real Academia Nacional de Medicina); the means by which national networks (in this case the Irish) and use of patronage provided a medium for the transatlantic scientific movement of ideas.