Communities as defeating and/or endorsing extreme violence: how do communities support and/or defeat extreme violence over time?

在英国，社区及其联系和相关的复杂性一直是大量讨论和辩论的主题，特别是在2005年7月7日的恐怖袭击和2011年的英国骚乱之后。大部分对话都集中在社区作为激进化和/或社区内暴力的障碍和帮助者的立场。这种讨论已经渗透到学术界、媒体和政府之间，并受到政府政策和声明、恐怖主义逮捕和普遍议论的推动。最近一次是在2011年2月，英国首相戴维·卡梅伦在慕尼黑的一次演讲中发出了一个新阶段的信号，将政府反恐政策的重点从暴力极端主义扩大到更广泛的极端主义/激进化，并暗示这可能需要与一些社区或社区内的分子进行更多的接触。2011年8月的骚乱进一步强调了社区和“连接者”在这种爆发中的作用，无论是消极的还是积极的。然而，关于社区、激进主义和社区内暴力的历史要长得多，需要对这些历史进行审视，以便在21世纪制定具有历史意义的政策。值得注意的是，尽管这些因素与当前的辩论有关，但过去存在这些因素的历史例子很少被审查。例如，在两次世界大战期间，包括西米德兰兹郡在内的许多不同社区的数千名英国公民被“激进化”，发现自己卷入了极右翼或极左翼的实体。20世纪30年代，由于意识形态的原因，近2000名年轻的英国男子违背政府的意愿，离开自己的社区参加西班牙内战，在某些情况下甚至死亡。在同一时期，五名年轻人(后来被称为“剑桥五人组”)在大学期间被激进化，结果是转而反对他们的国家，向苏联泄露了导致这些人死亡的秘密。其他人加入了极右翼组织，包括数千名属于英国法西斯联合会的人，并在20世纪30年代参与了社区内的暴力活动。在前几个世纪，其他运动，如勒德派，在英国发展起来，今天被视为涉及激进化和暴力因素。与现在更相关的是过去与宗教极端主义有关的激进运动，其中包括使用恐怖主义。包括中部地区在内的天主教社区成员参与了一场恐怖主义阴谋，试图在1605年炸毁议会，斩首政治领导层。火药阴谋揭示了社区和激进化之间相互联系的复杂性，因为关键个人充当了跨越国界的“连接器”。早就应该进行一项范围研究，围绕激进化和社区内暴力及其与社区的互动的历史案例研究的文献，包括这些社区内的“连接器”，在这些社区中，两者都被充实在一个三维的物质中，并相应地出现问题。激进化及其与社区的交叉并不是一个现代现象，至关重要的是探索其根源，以便为当前的政策和辩论提供信息。

Communities, their connections and associated complexities, have been the subject of considerable conversation and debate in the UK, particularly since the terrorist attacks of 7 July 2005 and the English riots of 2011. Much of the conversation has centred on the position of communities as impediments to and assistors of radicalisation and/or intra-communal violence. This discourse has percolated between academe, the media, and government and has been fuelled by government policies and pronouncements, terrorism arrests and general chatter. Most recently, in February 2011, in a speech in Munich, Prime Minister David Cameron signalled a new stage by broadening the focus of government counter-terrorism policy away from violent extremism and toward more general extremism/radicalisation with an underlying suggestion that this might require a greater engagement with some communities or elements within communities. The riots of August 2011 only further emphasized the role of community and `connectors', both negatively and positively, in such outbursts. There is, however, a much longer history around communities, radicalisation and intra-communal violence that requires examination in order to generate historically literate policy in the 21st century. It is remarkable how little past historical examples where these elements are present have been examined despite the relevance to current debates. In the interwar period, for instance, thousands of British citizens across a number of different communities, including in the West Midlands, were "radicalised" and found themselves involved with entities on the far right or far left. In the 1930s, for ideological reasons, nearly 2000 young British men, against the wishes of their government, left their communities to fight, and in some cases die, in the Spanish Civil War. In the same period, five young men (later known as the "Cambridge Five") would be radicalised while at university and, as a result, turn against their country, revealing secrets to the Soviet Union that led to the deaths. Others joined far right organizations, including thousands who belong to the British Union of Fascists, and engaged in intra-communal violence in the 1930s.In previous centuries, other movements, such as the Luddites, have developed in Great Britain which today would be seen as involving elements of radicalisation and violence. Even more relevant to the present have been past radicalised movements associated with religious extremism that included the use of terrorism. Elements within Catholic communities, including in the Midlands, became engaged in a terrorism plot that sought to blow up Parliament in 1605, decapitating the political leadership. The Gunpowder Plot revealed the complexities of the interconnection between communities and radicalisation as key individuals served as "connectors" across boundaries.A scoping study to look at the literature around historical case studies of radicalisation and intra-communal violence and its interaction with communities, including "connectors" within these communities in which both are fleshed out in a three dimensional matter and problematized accordingly is long overdue. Radicalisation and its intersection with community is not a modern phenomenon and it is crucial that its roots be explored so as to inform current policy and debate.