The Genesis of Inquisition Procedures and the Truth-claims of Inquisition Records: the Inquisition Registers of Languedoc 1235-1244

1233年，对异端的宗教裁判所委托给了乞丐修士，1234年在法国南部开始了现存最早的宗教裁判所登记。这些记录显示了审讯者的方法，特别是他们提问和记录答案的方式。审讯官首先问一个嫌疑犯：“你见过异教徒吗？”，然后继续问“你给过异教徒什么东西吗？”他关注的是人们做了什么，而不是——正如我们可能预期的那样——人们在想什么。一个公证人听了他们说的话，记下了一个版本，然后译成拉丁文。他的话流传了下来，记录上立即出现了问号。首先是公证人对方言对话的描述有多准确。第二个是关于知识领域之间的关系一方面是从审讯官和一个相当害怕的嫌疑人之间的对话中产生的知识领域，另一方面是被审讯者的信仰和思想的现实。这些记录是历史学家描绘过去异端教派的主要证据，比如卡特里派（Cathars）和瓦勒度派（Waldensians）——近几十年来，他们描绘这些教派的画面的可靠性变得非常有争议。这意味着，最早的宗教裁判所需要系统和深入的调查：在最初的十年里，当审问模式和程序出现的时候。是什么塑造了提问的风格？从最早的审判官是谁以及他们是如何受教育的，特别是他们的精神世界（如罗马法、当代神学）是什么导致他们以他们的方式提出问题，我们可以发现什么？是什么影响了书记员和公证人在为审讯官服务时的行为？在这里，我们遇到了现代研究中的一个惊喜：聚光灯一直在关注1245- 126年法国南部的宗教裁判所，而不是这个关键的早期十年。我们遇到了阻碍我们进行严肃研究的障碍。1234-44年间的记录从未有过严格的批判版本，因此被业余历史学家不加批判地使用。虽然它们曾经保存在多米尼加修道院的档案中，但现在仅存于1669年由路易十四的大臣科尔伯特（Colbert）出资制作的抄本。为了了解调查方法的起源和调查记录的真相主张，当前的项目将-直接关注关键发展的年份，1234-44-通过4个注册的关键版本为所有未来的研究奠定基础；-利用这些版本和它们的批判工具，深入研究早期审判官的思想世界和职业，以及他们对审判方法的发展，这些都发表在本版的导言中；-通过对该项目的调查，发展我们对科学史兴起的理解，该项目保存了这些记录，并与17世纪后期法国的其他纪念性学术项目一起保存了这些记录。

Inquisition into heresy was entrusted to mendicant friars in 1233, and the earliest surviving registers of inquisition begin in southern France in 1234. These registers show the inquisitors' methods, especially their way of questioning and the recording of the answers. The inquisitor began by asking a suspect 'Have you seen a heretic?' and went on to questions like 'Did you give anything to a heretic?'. He concentrated on what people had done, rather than - as we might expect - on what they thought. A notary listened to what what was said, and took down a version of it, which he put into Latin. It is his words that survive, and there are immediate question-marks hovering over the record. The first is how accurate the notary's representation was of a vernacular dialogue. The second is about the relation between the field of knowledge emerging from a dialogue between the inquisitor and a rather frightened suspect on the one hand, and on the other hand the realities of belief and thought of the person being interrogated. These records are the main evidence upon which historians build their pictures of past heretical sects, like those of the Cathars and Waldensians - and in recent decades the solidity of the pictures they have constructed of such sects has become very controversial.This means that the earliest period of inquisition cries out for systematic and deep investigation: the first decade, when modes of questioning and procedure emerged. What was it that shaped the style of questioning? What can be found out from looking at who the earliest inquisitors were and how they were educated, in particular what it was in their mental world (e.g. Roman law, contemporary theology), that led them to question in the way that they did? What influenced the practices of the scribes and notaries when serving inquisitors?Here we come up against a surprise in modern research: the spotlight has been shining on inquisitions in southern France in 1245-6, NOT on this crucial earlier decade. And we come up against a block standing in the way of serious research. The registers of the decade 1234-44 have never been given a rigorous critical edition and have consequently been used uncritically by amateur historians. Although they were once in the archives of Dominican convents, they now survive only in the form of transcripts made in 1669 and paid for by Louis XIV's minister, Colbert.In order to understand the genesis of inquisition methods and the truth-claims of inquisition records, the current project it will- direct attention towards years of crucial development, 1234-44- lay the foundations for all future study through a critical edition of 4 registers; - to use these editions and their critical apparatus to provide a deep study of the thought-worlds and careers of the earliest inquisitors, and their development of methods of inquisition, published in the introduction of this edition; - to develop our understanding of the rise of scientific history by an investigation of the project which preserved these records alongside the other monumental scholarly projects of later 17th century France.