Peacekeeper Fathered Children in Haiti

截至2016年4月，共有来自123个国家的103,510名军警人员在全球16个维和行动中服役。在战争、占领或维持和平行动期间，如果外国士兵在外国领土上，军民关系就会发展，包括士兵和当地妇女之间的关系。维和人员越来越多地卷入对他们受命保护的弱势群体的性剥削和性虐待。维持和平人员与当地妇女之间的许多亲密关系，无论是自愿的还是剥削性的，都导致怀孕和生育。这些所谓的"和平婴儿"和他们的母亲在动荡的冲突后社区面临特殊挑战，据报道，包括童年的不幸以及耻辱、歧视和不成比例的经济和社会困难，本项目建议对联合国海地稳定使命人员或与之有关的人员所怀的"和平婴儿"的情况进行深入研究。联海稳定团是与不当行为指控有关的特派团之一，尤其是与性暴力和基于性别的暴力以及由此产生的联合国人员所生子女的意外遗产有关的指控。联合国最近承认存在“维和婴儿”。然而，一个与联合国维和人员所生儿童福利有关的证据库拟议的研究通过以下原创性贡献解决了这一关键的知识差距：-理论贡献-通过引入以受害者为中心的方法，分析联合国及其工作人员对联合国维和人员所生儿童缺乏问责;-经验贡献：㈠探讨造成联合国人员与当地平民之间不平等权力关系的性别规范以及社会经济、文化和安全环境; ㈡通过对六个联合国基地周围地区的情况分析，查明"和平婴儿"在海地的下落，并探讨其受孕的环境; ㈢调查抚养维和人员所生子女的妇女的生活经历;以及-方法上的贡献-使用创新的定量/定性混合研究工具，认知边缘的SenseMaker，以提供对这些复杂问题的更细致入微的理解。来自伯明翰大学，女王大学，金斯顿，国际和国防政策中心和海地的Enstiti Travay Sosyal ak Syans Sosyal（ETS）的学者之间的多学科合作，海地司法与民主研究所和设在海地的国际律师局将与民间社会组织一道，解决这一知识差距，并增进我们对和平婴儿及其家庭面临的挑战以及获得支持的障碍的理解。除了核心的英国-加拿大-海地伙伴关系，该项目将包括更多的ODA受援国（柬埔寨，波斯尼亚，利比里亚和刚果民主共和国等），并在最后的项目会议上将海地的见解应用于和平支持行动（PSO）更广泛地与来自其他国家的学术和非学术参与者进行讨论，具有广泛的PSO经验。

As of April 2016, a total of 103,510 uniformed personnel from 123 countries were serving in 16 peacekeeping operations around the world. Where foreign soldiers - during war, occupation or peacekeeping operations - are on foreign soil, military-civilian relations develop, including those between soldiers and local women. Peacekeepers have increasingly been associated with sexual exploitation and abuse of the vulnerable populations they had been mandated to protect. Many of the intimate relations between peacekeeping personnel and local women, of both voluntary and exploitative nature, have led to pregnancies and to children being born. These so-called 'peace babies' and their mothers face particular challenges in volatile post-conflict communities, reportedly including childhood adversities as well as stigmatization, discrimination and disproportionate economic and social hardships.This project proposes an in-depth-study on the situation of 'peace babies' conceived by personnel from or associated with the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). MINUSTAH is among the missions associated with allegations of misconduct, not least related to sexual and gender-based violence and consequently the unintended legacy of children fathered by UN personnel. The UN has recently acknowledged that 'peacekeeper babies' exist. Yet, an evidence base relating to the welfare of children fathered by UN peacekeepers (globally or in Haiti) is virtually non-existent, and it is clear that the existing UN policies and support programs are inadequate.The proposed study addresses this critical knowledge gap through the following original contributions:- Theoretical contribution - analysing the lack of accountability of the UN and its personnel for children fathered by UN peacekeepers by introducing a victim-centred approach;- Empirical contributions: i) exploring the gender norms, and the socioeconomic, cultural and security circumstances that contribute to unequal power relations between UN personnel and local civilians; ii) mapping the whereabouts of 'peace babies' in Haiti through a situational analysis of the areas surrounding six UN bases and exploring the circumstances around their conceptions; and iii) investigating the life experiences of women raising children fathered by peacekeepers; and- Methodological contribution - using an innovative mixed quantitative/qualitative research tool, Cognitive Edge's SenseMaker, to provide a more nuanced understanding of these complex issues.The multidisciplinary collaboration between scholars from the University of Birmingham, Queen's University, Kingston, the Centre of International and Defence Policy, and Haitian-based Enstiti Travay Sosyal ak Syans Sosyal (ETS), along with civil society organisations, the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti and Haitian-based Bureau des Avocats Internationaux, will address this knowledge gap and enhance our understanding of the challenges faced by peace babies and their families as well as the obstacles to accessing support. Beyond the core UK-Canada-Haiti partnership, the project will include further ODA-recipient countries (among others Cambodia, Bosnia, Liberia and the DRC) and in a final project conference will apply insights from Haiti to Peace Support Operations (PSO) more generally in discourse with academic and non-academic participants from other countries with extensive PSO experience.