Care for Music - an ethnography of music in late life and end of life settings

该项目侧重于现代死亡情况下的音乐创作，并与(i)生命终结（有时间限制的疾病或条件）和（ii）晚年（更长时间的“萎缩”和/或长期残疾）有关。这项研究从一个基本问题开始，在我们看来，这个问题还没有得到充分的回答：音乐是如何在护理的情况下起作用的？这个问题的背后是一个假设，即音乐护理比音乐治疗和社区音乐可能暗示的模式更复杂。这些模式倾向于优先考虑专业音乐提供者的活动和代理机构，通过音乐“为”“照顾者”的概念，以个人主义和病态的方式。但是，将音乐视为“护理”（而不是“护理”音乐）回避了所有相关人员（音乐家，音乐治疗师，护理人员，健康专业人员，家庭和所谓的“护理接受者”）的复杂协作实践和代理形式，这使得音乐在护理场景中有用（且有意义）。对这一实践的关注使音乐和护理文献中三个隐含的问题浮出水面。它们是感性的，本体论的和方法论的。音乐参与的过程通常是隐性的、短暂的、社会空间分布的，因此很难察觉。它们也与作为对象的“音乐”语言联系在一起，因此与刺激-反应的本体论联系在一起，而不是将音乐作为一种联合活动。它们很难记录下来，除非在时间和空间背景下观察它们，并根据它们的演变历史来观察它们——为此需要专门的方法。要采用的方法论视角是民族志，追踪人与人之间的联系和关系，因为他们通过音乐时时刻刻地实时制作，并以可能对护理环境中的行动机会产生影响的方式。该项目将产生四个相互关联的民族志案例研究：(1)对一家护理机构的社区音乐治疗进行纵向研究（专门研究神经残疾），跟踪微观细节并发展个人和集体音乐交流工作内部和之间的联系(2)和(3)对两家旗舰临终关怀医院（一家在英国，一家在挪威）环境中的音乐/音乐治疗进行研究。(4)通过简单的数字资源提示预先选择的声音和记忆，研究一种与失忆患者建立关系的新方法。在每一种情况下，该项目将研究微妙的，适应性的，往往不被注意的实践，在有限的情况下设法制作和关注音乐——相互定向是如何形成的，如何做出让步，如何支持音乐手势和行为，由谁，用什么和如何支持。这种关注将反过来支持第二个关键任务，即绘制出要发现的音乐实践的多样性，并遵循这些实践，因为它们（由参与者）与其他实践、活动、情况和事件联系在一起，这些实践在背景中同时发展，并以告知未来事件的方式发展。最终，该项目将解决这样一个问题，即一起制作音乐如何为最广泛意义上的关怀开辟新的机会，例如，培养音乐化的环境，在这种环境中，客户和护理人员可能会发现新的关系形式，移情，活动和相互理解。

The project focuses on music-making in situations of modern dying and in relation to both (i) end-of-life (time-limited illnesses or conditions) and (ii) late life (more lengthy 'dwindling' and/or long-term disability). The research begins with a basic question which in our view has not yet been answered adequately: how does music work in situations of care? Behind this question is an assumption that musical care is more complex than models in music therapy and community music might imply. These models have tended to prioritise the activities and agencies of specialist music providers through a notion of music 'for' 'care recipients' and in individualistic and pathologised ways. But looking at music 'for care' (as opposed to 'care for' music) sidesteps the complex collaborative practices, and forms of agency, on the part of all the people involved (musicians, music therapists, carers, health professionals, family and so-called 'care-receivers'), that make music helpful (and meaningful) within scenes of care. A focus on this practice brings to the surface three otherwise implicit problems in the music and care literatures. These are perceptual, ontological and methodological. Processes of musical engagement are often tacit, fleeting and socially-spatially distributed and therefore difficult to perceive. They are also tied to a language of 'music' as an object and therefore to an ontology of stimulus-response rather than music as a joint activity. They are difficult to document unless they are observed in temporal and spatial contexts and in terms of their evolving histories - and for this specialist methods are required. The methodological perspective to be employed is ethnographic, to trace connections and relationships between people as they are crafted from moment to moment in real time through music and in ways that may be consequential for action opportunities within settings of care. The project will produce four interlinked ethnographic case studies: (1) A longitudinal study of community music therapy in a care facility (with specialty in neuro-disability), tracking the micro-detail and developing connections within and between individual and collective musical-communicative work (2) and (3) Studies of music/music therapy across the milieu of two flagship hospices, one in the UK, one in Norway. (4) A study of a novel approach to working relationally with people with memory loss by cueing pre-chosen sounds and memories using simple digital resources.In each case, the project will examine the subtle, adaptive, and often unnoticed practices of managing to make and attend to music under constrained circumstances - how mutual orientation takes shape, how allowances are made, how musical gestures and acts are supported, by whom, with what and how. This focus will in turn support a second key task which will be to map the diversity of musical practices to be found and to follow these practices as they are connected (by participants) to other practices, activities, situations, and events that develop concurrently within the setting and in ways that inform future events. Ultimately, the project will address the question of how making music together may open new opportunities for caring understood in its widest sense, for example, fostering musicalised situations within which clients and carers may discover new forms of relation, empathy, activity, and mutual understanding.