Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forced displacement: IHL vulnerabilities, ICC possibilities

本项目旨在更好地了解继续强迫迁移居住在耶路撒冷E1区的贝都因社区的人道主义影响，以及对违反国际法的有罪不罚如何加剧人道主义脆弱性的恶化。通过定性调查，结合案头研究和对主要利益攸关方的第一手半结构化访谈，该项目将收集大量证据，以突出反复违反国际人道法（以及对违反行为的有罪不罚）对生活在以色列-巴勒斯坦局势边缘的人，即E1的贝都因社区的持续有害影响。联合国人道主义事务协调厅在其2017年的报告《人道主义事实和数据：巴勒斯坦被占领土》中指出，被迫流离失所被列为人道主义脆弱性的四个关键驱动因素之一。报告强调，“2009年至2016年期间，以色列当局在西岸拆除或没收了4800多座巴勒斯坦人拥有的建筑，主要位于C区和东耶路撒冷”。它进一步指出，“约旦河西岸中部的46个巴勒斯坦贝都因人社区是约8 000名巴勒斯坦人的家园，其中大多数是登记的巴勒斯坦难民，以色列当局已将这些社区作为目标，要求将其‘重新安置’到若干指定地点”。以色列定居点的扩张被联合国安理会2016年第2334号决议视为非法，并被谴责为“公然违反国际法”。以色列定居点的扩张推动了巴勒斯坦私人和公共土地的没收，房屋（包括贝都因人的棚屋）的拆除，以及巴勒斯坦平民的一再流离失所。联合国、欧盟和其他国际行为体认为，没收和拆除贝都因村庄的财产，以及随后对这些弱势群体的强制迁移/重新安置，违反了国际人道法和人权。根据国际刑法，在被占领土上强迫平民流离失所也被视为一种罪行。计划扩大耶路撒冷以东“Ma'ale Adumim”定居点，加剧了E1地区贝都因人和牧民社区的人道主义脆弱性。居住在Abu Al- nuwwar、Wadi Abu Hindi、Al Khan Al- ahmar、Jabal - baba和Sath Al- Bahar的贝都因社区是抵抗以色列扩大定居点的前线，从而确保巴勒斯坦人进入耶路撒冷。这种情况不仅影响到个别贝都因村庄面临被拆除和转移的危险，而且对更广泛的以色列-巴勒斯坦局势产生严重影响。因此，面临被迫迁移风险的巴勒斯坦贝都因人无意中成为区域范围内的关键角色，同时面临必须更好地了解的独特的人道主义脆弱性。以色列在这些领域的一些政策和做法，包括限制性许可证和规划制度、拆除和威胁拆除财产以及积极推动搬迁计划，都造成了胁迫环境，“对巴勒斯坦人造成压力，迫使他们离开自己的社区”。在以巴局势中，违反国际法（包括国际人道法）而不受惩罚已被认为是“冲突的驱动因素”。在支持追究违反国际人道法者责任的好处时，有人指出，“有效的问责制不仅确保将肇事者绳之以法，还确保受害者获得补救，并有助于阻止未来的违法行为，并努力弥补所遭受的伤害。”因此，了解违反国际人道法行为对巴勒斯坦贝都因人和牧民社区的影响，并参与国际刑事法院的工作至关重要。该项目将填补这一空白，并出版一本经过编辑的书籍和政策报告。

This project seeks to better understand the humanitarian impact of continued forcible transfer of the Bedouin communities living in E1, Jerusalem, and how impunity for violations of international law contributes to the deterioration of humanitarian vulnerabilities. Through qualitative enquiry, combining desk based research and first hand semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, the project will gather together a significant body of evidence to highlight to ongoing deleterious impact of repeated violations of IHL (and impunity for violations) on those living at the sharp edge of the situation in Israel-Palestine, namely the Bedouin communities of E1. In their 2017 report, Humanitarian Facts and Figures: Occupied Palestinian Territory, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted that forced displacement is listed as one of the four key drivers of humanitarian vulnerability. The report highlighted that, "between 2009 and 2016, Israeli authorities demolished or seized over 4,800 Palestinian-owned structures in the West Bank, mostly in Area C and East Jerusalem". It further indicated that "46 Palestinian Bedouin communities in the central West Bank, home to some 8,000 Palestinians, the majority registered Palestine refugees, have been targeted by the Israeli authorities for "relocation" to a number of designated sites". The expansion of Israeli settlements, considered illegal and condemned as a "flagrant violation under international law" by UN Security Council resolution 2334 of 2016, has been a driver for confiscation of Palestinian private and public land, demolition of homes (including Bedouin shacks) and repeated displacement of Palestinian civilians. The confiscation and demolition of property in Bedouin villages, and the ensuing forcible transfer/relocation of these vulnerable communities, is recognised as a violation of IHL and human rights by the UN, EU and other international actors. Forced displacement of civilians in an occupied territory is also considered a crime under International Criminal Law.The planned expansion of the 'Ma'ale Adumim' settlement block east of Jerusalem is exacerbating the humanitarian vulnerabilities of the Bedouin and herder communities in the E1 area. Bedouin communities such as those residing in Abu Al-Nuwwar, Wadi Abu Hindi, Al Khan Al-Ahmar, Jabal Al-Baba and Sath Al Bahar are at the front line of defence for resisting Israeli settlement expansion, thus ensuring Palestinian access to Jerusalem. This scenario does not just affect individual Bedouin villages at risk of demolition and transfer, but carries grave implications for the broader Israeli-Palestinian situation. Thus, Palestinian Bedouin at risk of forcible transfer have, unintentionally, become key players in the regional context, whilst simultaneously facing unique humanitarian vulnerabilities that must be better understood. A number of Israeli policies and practices in those areas, including a restrictive permit and planning regime, demolitions and threats of demolitions of property and the active promotion of relocation plans all contribute to the coercive environment, "which generates pressure on Palestinians to leave their communities". In the Israeli-Palestinian context, impunity for violations of international law, including IHL, has been recognised as a "driver of conflict". In espousing the benefits of holding violators of IHL to account, it has been noted that, "effective accountability not only ensures that perpetrators are brought to justice, but also ensures that victims have access to remedies and serves to deter future violations and to try to repair the harm suffered." As such, it is vital to understand the impact of violations of IHL on the Bedouin and herder communities in Palestine, and engage with the ICC's work. This project will work fill this gap, and produce an edited book and policy report.