Translation regulation elements in both the 5` and 3` untranslated region; how do they coexist?

最近，一种全新的控制基因表达的方法被发现。这是在发现了一种全新的基因后才发现的，与大多数基因不同，这种基因不产生蛋白质。相反，它们制造非常小的RNA分子，称为microRNA。人类基因组中至少有800种microRNA，它们具有不同的作用。它们通过与其他基因的信使RNA结合并抑制由这些基因制造的蛋白质的产生来工作，这一过程被称为翻译。这800个小分子中的每一个都被认为与100个其他基因相互作用，从而增加了人类基因组的复杂调控。现在已经很清楚，miRNA调控的功能障碍与越来越多的人类疾病有关，包括癌症、糖尿病和病毒感染。在翻译水平上调节基因表达的其他方法也存在，但关于这些方法如何与miRNA调控相互作用知之甚少。本研究将分析miRNAs与其他调控元件在调控特定基因中的相互作用。它还将寻找当细胞受到压力时发生的这种调节的变化，因为在这些条件下发生了许多翻译变化。这项研究将使人们更好地了解基因表达是如何控制的，以及人类基因组的复杂性。

Recently, a completely new way of controlling gene expression has been identified. This has come to light after the discovery of a whole new class of genes which, unlike most genes, do not produce proteins. Instead they make very small RNA molecules, called microRNAs. There are at least 800 microRNAs within the human genome which have different effects. They work by binding to the messenger RNA of other genes and inhibiting the production of the proteins made from these genes a process known as translation. Each of these 800 small molecules is believed to interact with 100 other genes, thus adding to the complex regulation of the human genome. Already it has become clear that malfunction of miRNA regulation is associated with a growing list of human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and viral infections. Other methods of regulating expression of genes at the level of translation also exist, and little is known about how these methods interact with miRNA regulation. This study will analyse the interaction between miRNAs and other control elements in regulating specific genes. It will also look for changes in this regulation that occur when cells are stressed, as many changes in translation occur under these conditions. This study will lead to a greater understanding of how gene expression is controlled and the complexity of the human genome.