DRUGS OF ABUSE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

尽管许多关于药物滥用的理论都强调消极情绪的作用 药物依赖的强化过程，我们对 药物滥用对负性强化维持行为的影响 仍然不完整。其中一个原因是，允许研究 药物对消极强化行为的作用是相当有限的。 拟议的研究将详细说明在我们的 允许研究由两个人维持的行为的实验室 同时存在的大鼠负性强化来源： 回避和回避的超时。回避程序的超时 具有特殊价值，因为超时可以使用相同的 将时间表安排作为积极的增强因素，从而允许进行比较 两种增强剂的药物效应之间的关系。在以前的 使用这种技术的研究，产生了独特的和相反的效果 滥用吗啡和安非他明的毒品。拟议的研究将 通过确定这些影响是否 其他阿片类化合物，如芬太尼， 美沙酮、丁丙诺啡和特定的kappa激动剂U50,488。相关 研究将评估苯丙胺的影响是否与其他 兴奋剂，如可卡因，以及影响特定受体的药物 多巴胺能系统中的位点，如SCH23390，SKF38393，雷氯普利， 和喹比罗。进一步拟议的研究将有助于确定 正确解读滥用药物超时的行为 通过分析吗啡和苯丙胺的影响程度来避免 是由于负面强化的幅度或效果发生了变化。

Although many theories of substance abuse emphasize the role of negative reinforcement processes in drug dependence, our understanding of the effects of drugs of abuse on behavior maintained by negative reinforcement remains incomplete. One reason is that techniques that permit the study of the actions of drugs on negatively-reinforced behavior are quite limited. The proposed research will elaborate on a procedure developed in our laboratory that permits the study of behavior maintained by two concurrently available sources of negative reinforcement in rats: avoidance and timeout from avoidance. The timeout from avoidance procedure is of particular value in that timeout can be programmed using the same schedule arrangements as positive reinforcers, thus permitting comparisons between drug effects with the two types of reinforcers. In previous research using this technique, unique and opposite effects were produced by drugs of abuse morphine and amphetamine. The proposed studies will evaluate the generality of these effects by determining whether the effects of morphine are shared by other opioid compounds such as fentanyl, methadone, buprenorphine, and the specific kappa agonist U50,488. Related studies will assess whether the effects of amphetamine are shared by other stimulant drugs such as cocaine, and by drugs that affect specific receptor sites in the dopaminergic systems such as SCH23390, SKF38393, raclopride, and quinpirole. Further proposed research will help to determine the proper interpretation of the actions of drugs of abuse on timeout from avoidance by analyzing the extent to which morphine and amphetamine effects are due to altered magnitude or efficacy of negative reinforcement.