CILIARY GANGLION AFFERENTS

经典地认为，Edinger-Westphal核(EW)与 眼眶的节前副交感神经支配。近期 然而，调查表明，电子战的联系更为复杂 比之前想象的要好。猫的EW神经元有脑干和脊髓 投射，但很少有EW单体投射到轨道上； 大多数睫状神经节(CG)传入似乎位于EW之外。在……里面 猴子、CG传入神经似乎没有出现在电子战中，但它们的分布 核内及其与投射到脊髓的EW神经元的重叠 电源线不清楚。这种CG传入在物种和 EW的复杂连接模式留下了许多关于位置的问题 以及眼眶副交感神经传入的投射未解。这个 拟议的实验通过解剖学的方式解决了其中几个问题 猫CG传入神经元的定位和免疫细胞化学特征 还有猴子。具体项目将：1.采用逆行运输方式 对猫和猴的CG传入神经元进行定位。使用多个 同一实验中的逆行示踪剂将使我们有可能 确定投射到轨道的相同神经元是否有 脊髓或脑干核团的额外中枢投射。2. 利用免疫细胞化学技术鉴定与脑出血相关的神经肽 CG传入。在鸟类中，EW的CG传入既含有P物质，又含有 脑啡肽。在猫的EW神经元中也显示P物质以及 缩胆囊素样免疫反应；这些神经肽是否 投射到CG的细胞中存在的情况尚不清楚。性质或分布 在猴子EW中神经肽的含量也是未知的。免疫细胞化学 因此，将使用技术来研究P物质的分布， 脑啡肽、生长抑素和缩胆囊素在EW和周围脑中的分布。 联合逆行转运-免疫细胞化学研究将使 有可能直接确定这些神经肽是否存在于 CG传入神经元。3.研究神经肽在人体内的分布 真恶心。将免疫细胞化学方法用于人类尸检材料 研究显示神经肽的细胞的分布 EW区免疫反应阳性。这种染色图案将会是 与在猴子身上显示的CG传入分布相比。 拟议的一系列实验将增进我们对 通过识别大脑来组织副交感神经控制轨道 向CG投射的干细胞神经元。此外，联合逆行 运输和免疫细胞化学将使定位和 识别可能在眼眶中发挥重要作用的神经肽 副交感神经功能。

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) has classically been associated with the preganglionic parasympathetic innervation of the orbit. Recent investigations, however, show that the connections of EW are more complex than previously thought. EW neurons in the cat have brain stem and spinal projections, but there are few EW cells that project to the orbit; the majority of ciliary ganglion (CG) afferents appear to lie outside EW. In the monkey, CG afferents appear to be absent in EW, but their distribution within the nucleus and their overlap with EW neurons projecting to spinal cord is unclear. This variation of CG afferents between species and the complex pattern of connectivity of EW leaves many issues about the location and projections of orbital parasympathetic afferents unresolved. The proposed experiments address several of these questions by anatomically localizing and immunocytochemically characterizing afferents to CG in cat and monkey. Specific projects will: 1. Use retrograde transport methods to localize CG afferent neurons in cat and monkey. The use of multiple retrograde tracers in the same experiment will make it possible to determine whether the same neurons that project to the orbit have additional central projections to spinal cord or brain stem nuclei. 2. Use immunocytochemical techniques to identify neuropeptides in relation to CG afferents. In the bird, CG afferents in EW contain both substance P and enkephalin. In the cat EW neurons also demonstrate substance P as well as cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity; whether these neuropeptides are present in cells that project to CG is unknown. The nature or distribution of neuropeptides in monkey EW is also unknown. Immunocytochemical techniques will therefore be used to study the distribution of substance P, enkephalin, somatostatin, and cholecystokinin in EW and surrounding brain. Combined retrograde transport-immunocytochemical studies will make it possible to directly determine whether these neuropeptides are present in CG afferent neurons. 3. Characterize neuropeptide distribution in human EW. Immunocytochemical methods will be used in human autopsy material to study the distribution of cells that demonstrate neuropeptide immunoreactivity in the region of EW. This pattern of staining will be compared to the CG afferent distribution demonstrated in the monkey. The proposed series of experiments will advance our understanding of the organization of parasympathetic control of the orbit by identifying brain stem neurons that project to CG. In addition, the combined retrograde transport and immunocytochemistry will make it possible to localize and identify neuropeptides that may play an important role in orbital parasympathetic funtion.