SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS IN CARDIAC MAPPING

通过以下方式绘制心脏电位和激活序列 从直接施加到的多个电极同时记录 心脏有望成为研究和研究的强大工具 心律失常的治疗。在以下方面有几个主要改进 如果它要实现这一承诺，就必须进行映射。的目标是 这个应用程序是为了进行研究和开发 带来这些改进所必需的。1.一台计算机- 将构建能够记录的辅助测绘系统 来自512个通道的有效采样率为 15000赫兹。需要这样的系统来绘制复杂的地图 激活序列和高频浦肯野峰波，可以 发生在某些心律不齐的时候。2.改进方法将是 开发用于可靠、准确、快速地构建电极， 大量廉价地使用微电子技术 技巧。3.发展快速、准确的方法 指定心外膜的三维位置， 用于动物标测的腔内电极和插入电极。 将开发计算机图形学来显示激活 心内膜和心外膜序列或AS序列 厚度的三维表示中的曲面 在记录到电势的几秒钟内就能检测到室壁。 这些线或表面将被设置动画，以穿过心脏 随着时间的推移，就像电影里一样。4.稳健、定量的算法 从电极检测激活的存在和时间 录音将被开发，并将在软件中实施 在最少人为干预的情况下快速执行。 开发这些算法所需的数据将从 存在或不存在激活的实验 通过与电极记录无关的方式已知。5. 将进行实验，以确定解剖学和 心脏电极分流电位的电学原因 记录，即，单个、离散激活的情况 复杂的没有被记录。6.将制定方法以 估计远离记录电极位置的电势 那些不可能放置电极的区域。 例如从以下方面估计心内膜电位 腔内记录，记录的心外膜电位 从上面的心外膜脂肪，和潜力通过 心腔内和心外膜记录的室壁。 这些目标的实现将极大地改善心脏 并应在这两个基本领域取得新的进展 心律失常的认识和临床治疗。

Mapping of cardiac potentials and activation sequences by recording simultaneously from many electrodes applied directly to the heart promises to be a powerful tool for the study and treatment of arrhythmias. Several major improvements in mapping must be made if it is to fulfill this promise. The goal of this application is to perform the research and development necessary to bring about these improvements. 1. A computer- assisted mapping system will be constructed capable of recording from 512 channels simultaneously at an effective sampling rate of 15,000 Hz. Such a system is needed to map the complex activation sequences and high-frequency Purkinje spikes that can occur during some arrhythmias. 2. Improved methods will be developed to construct electrodes reliably, accurately, quickly, inexpensively, and in large numbers using microelectronic techniques. 3. Fast, accurate methods will be developed to specify the three-dimensional location of epicardial, intracavitary, and plunge electrodes for animal mapping. Computer graphics will be developed to display activation sequences as lines for the endocardium and epicardium or as surfaces in a three-dimensional representation of the thickness of the ventricular wall within seconds of recording the potentials. The lines or surfaces will be animated to move through the heart with time as in a movie. 4. Robust, quantitative algorithms for detection of the presence and timing of activation from electrode recordings will be developed and will be implemented in software to perform rapidly and with a minimum of human intervention. The data to develop these algorithms will be obtained from experiments in which the presence or absence of activation is known by means independent of the electrode recordings. 5. Experiments will be performed to determine the anatomic and electrical causes of fractionated potentials in cardiac electrode recordings, i.e., cases in which a single, discrete activation complex is not recorded. 6. Methods will be developed to estimate potentials away from the recording electrode sites in those regions in which it is not possible to place electrodes. Examples include estimating endocardial potentials from intracavitary recordings, epicardial potentials from recording from the overlying epicardial fat, and potentials through the ventricular wall from intracavitary and epicardial recordings. The accomplishment of these goals will greatly improve cardiac mapping and should lead to new advances in both the basic understanding and the clinical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.