AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND FRENCH MEDICINE--1815-1890

拟议的项目将研究美国与 1815年至1890年间的法国医学。 发生后 法国大革命后，巴黎成为医学中心， 生命力，并拥有组织病理学等创新， 听诊器，临床统计学，系统的临床指导，以及 解剖临床观点 滑铁卢战争与和平之后，巴黎的医院 成为外国医学生和从业者的圣地，包括 大约700名来自美国的学生， 战争 这些移民带回来的知识和技术 南北战争前美国医学转型的组成部分 期 本研究运用思想史和社会史的方法， 评估出版和手稿文件，将评估法国的冲动， 在美国医学中，通过解决几个相互关联的问题：1）为什么 美国医生去了巴黎，他们的动机是什么 美国医学的不足和优势 2)什么 标准决定了他们选择从事法国医学的哪些方面 还是回避 他们在巴黎的选择性--与经常 英国游客做出的不同选择--澄清了 美国医生的价值观、假设、抱负和自我认知？ 3)他们如何寻求表达在巴黎发展的承诺， 他们回国后，美国社会如何塑造他们的努力？ 法国医学在美国的背景下是否有不同的含义？ 4)返回巴黎的美国人如何将法国医学传播到他们的国家？ 在整个职业，以及那些留在家里的人如何看待 评估一下法国的医疗方法 5)美国人对 法国医学在内战后随着德国医学的崛起而改变 医学，以及巴黎训练的美国人如何试图保持记忆 巴黎临床医学院及其意义 本书将 都评估了19世纪美国医学中的法国冲动， 用美国人对法国医学的反应来展示价值观，需求， 以及对美国医学文化的期望

The proposed project will examine the relationship between American physicians and French medicine between 1815 and 1890. In the wake of the French Revolution, Paris emerged as a center unmatched in its medical vitality, and boasted such innovations as tissue pathology, the stethoscope, clinical statistics, systematic clinical instruction, and the anatomo-clinical viewpoint. After Waterloo and peace, the Paris hospitals became a mecca for foreign medical students and practitioners, including some 700 from the United States who studied there before the American Civil War. The knowledge and technique these migrants brought back were leading components in the transformation of American medicine during the antebellum period. This study, which uses the methods of intellectual and social history to evaluate published and manuscript documents, will assess the French impulse in American medicine by addressing several interrelated questions: 1) Why did American physicians go to Paris, and what do their motivations reveal about the deficiencies and strengths of American medicine? 2) What criteria determined which aspects of French medicine they chose to take up or eschew? How can their selectivity in Paris--contrasted with the often different choices made by English visitors--clarify the singularity of american doctors' values, assumptions, aspirations, and self-perceptions? 3) How did they seek to express the commitments developed in Paris after they returned home, and how did American society shape their endeavors? Did French medicine take on a different meaning in the American context? 4) How did Paris-returned Americans transmit French medicine to their profession at large, and how did those who had remained at home perceive and evaluate French medical ways? 5) How did American attitudes toward French medicine change after the Civil War with the ascendancy of German medicine, and how did Paris-trained American s try to keep alive the memory of the Paris Clinical School and its significance? The resulting book will both assess the French impulse in the 19th-century American medicine and use the American response to French medicine to display the values, needs, and expectations of American medical culture.