PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH PRODUCTION

言语产生的生理发展保持不变 很大程度上没有被探索过，尽管我们对理解很重要 发育性言语障碍与正常言语运动模型 控制力。在理论模型和临床应用中，语音 协调，就像其他复杂的运动行为一样，被认为是 源自有节奏的、动态平衡的、中央模式的功能，如 呼吸、咀嚼和吮吸。这一假设尚未得到检验， 尽管它有直观的吸引力，但可能会受到怀疑，因为 中央模式化行为和言语之间的差异 成年人的生产(Moore，Smith，&Ringel，1988)。经验主义的 对这一假设的评估对正态分布模型都有影响 语音运动控制和潜在诊断的基本原理 儿童发育性语言障碍的治疗。 建议对发育正常的儿童进行的调查与 中央模式化口腔和呼吸行为的协调 具有语音协调功能。这种对比将提供一种量化的 在理解运动的背景下对言语发展的描述 行为。小学生言语运动控制的生理发展 幼儿(9-48个月大)的语言子系统将是 使用横断面(70名儿童)和纵向(20名)描述 儿童)设计。呼吸驱动系统的协调， 下颌的运动、发音和发音将被量化 在讲话期间以及在自动的、有节奏的、非言语行为期间 就像咀嚼和休息呼吸一样。肌电(EMG)、声学和 运动学信号将被分析。关节协调和 喉控制将从共振峰(F1和F2)的轨迹中推断出来 和基频(f-o)等值线。肌肉的相对计时 活动将使用电-G信号的相关分析来量化。 由成对的语音肌肉产生的信号相干性将在 以检测来自共同神经来源的活动。非零 成对肌电信号中的相干性已被证明是可观察到的 节律性运动行为的特征，包括咀嚼和 呼吸作用，两者都是由中央模式生成器调节的 (CPGS)存在于许多物种中。在时间和空间上的发展变化 肌电信号的频谱特征将描绘出 语音成熟过程中的自动、非语音协调组织。

The physiological development of speech production has remained largely unexplored in spite of Us importance to understanding developmental speech disorders and to models of normal speech motor control. In theoretical models and clinical applications, speech coordination, like other complex motor behaviors, has been assumed to be derived from rhythmic, homeostatic, centrally patterned functions such as respiration, chewing, and sucking. This assumption has not been tested, and despite its intuitive appeal, might be doubted because of demonstrated differences between centrally patterned behaviors and speech production in adults (Moore, Smith, & Ringel, 1988). An empirical evaluation of this assumption has implications both for models of normal speech motor control and for the rationale underlying diagnosis and treatment of children with developmental speech disorders. The proposed Investigation of normally developing children contrasts the coordination of centrally patterned oral and respiratory behaviors with speech coordination. This contrast will provide a quantitative description of speech development in the context of well-understood motor behaviors. Physiological development of speech motor control in primary speech subsystems in young children (9-48 months of age) will be described using a cross-sectional (70 children) and longitudinal (20 children) design. Coordination of systems for respiratory drive, mandibular movement, phonation, and articulation will be quantified during speech and during automatic, rhythmic, non-speech behaviors such as chewing and resting breathing. Electromyographic (EMG), acoustic, and kinematic signals will be analyzed. Articulatory coordination and laryngeal control will be inferred from formant (F1 and F2) trajectories and fundamental frequency (f-o) contours. Relative timing of muscle activity will be quantified using correlational analysis of E G signals. Signal coherence arising from paired speech muscles will be computed in order to detect activity arising from a common neural source. Non-zero coherence within paired EMG signals has been shown to be an observable characteristic of rhythmic motor behaviors, including mastication and respiration, both of which are mediated by central pattern generators (CPGs) in many species. Developmental changes in the temporal and spectral characteristics of EMG signals will delineate the role of automatic, non-speech coordinative organization in speech maturation.