Superconducting Ferromagnetic Metamaterials Enabling the Development of Resilient High Voltage / High Current Transmission Systems

高压输电线路需要技术突破，以适应弹性和环境友好型城市电网，以及从可再生能源到负荷中心的长距离电力运输，这是当今需要解决的不可否认的现实。当然，如果我们想要应对未来几十年预计的电力需求和大量电动汽车的使用，情况就是这样。SUPERFEM响应了这一需求，提出了一套新的新型超材料，将高温超导材料（HTS）的杰出电气特性与软铁磁层（SFM）的屏蔽磁性结合在一起，将其引入HVDC和三相HVAC网络的电力导体设计中，几乎零磁漏和功率损耗。众所周知，尽管高温超导导体为这些网络中的每一个提供了无与伦比的性能特征，但当考虑到单根电缆或孤立的电流相时，它们的好处肯定是真实的，因为任何相邻电缆产生的巨大电感损耗都可以忽略不计。然而,随着电力工业生产和最终使用几乎完全交流,对三相电力系统或直流系统将不得不分享的权利的方式和他们交往,现实情况是,运营成本的主要因素导致高温超导网络形成的磁场产生的损失每一个其他的电缆,这种情况只能理解这类应用程序的数值模型,由于迟滞的发生，需要提前计算功率损耗。为了模拟高温超导单相和三相输电线路的实际电力应用，导体不仅仅是高温超导材料，从这个意义上讲，将考虑用高温超导导体改造地下输电线路的两种主要绝缘方案，即热介电（W-）和冷介电（C-）设计，并增加高温超导/SFM元结构的新特征，以减少整个系统的滞后损耗。在第一阶段，我们将把多纤维高温超导电缆嵌入到SFM护套中，这样同轴电缆的伴随作用产生的磁化损失就会减少或几乎消除，而不需要进一步的高温超导屏蔽，这也是额外的功率损失来源。类似的元结构已经被证明可以提高高温超导电缆的机械性能，但其在不同超导和铁磁复合材料中的电磁行为以及它们在三相或直流多导体结构下的整体性能尚不清楚。我们的目标是研究HTS/SFM暖导体的不同磁性护套，以进入电源应用的SFM实际商业市场。从这个意义上讲，33种不同的SFM材料，相对磁导率在~1到35000之间，将被视为该项目的一部分，从而导致世界上第一个单相HTS/SFM传输线的交流损耗图。然后，这将扩展到冷热介质传输线的三轴和三联设计，为该技术找到最佳投资路线，以显着降低成本和提高效率为主要目标。该项目中提出的研究是同类研究中第一个寻找节能和弹性输电网络的研究，其长期目标是降低电网加固、更换和升级故障限制器和其他电力管理设备的成本，由于它们减少了对人口密集地区使用路权的需求，因此公众接受程度更高，安装成本更低。

The need for a technological breakthrough in high voltage power transmission lines for resilient and environmentally friendly urban grids, as well as for the transport of power over long distances from renewable energy sources to load centers, is an undeniable reality that needs to be addressed today. Of course, this is the case if we want to cope with the demand of electric power and massive electric vehicle use expected in the next few decades. SUPERFEM responds to this need by proposing a new set of novel metamaterials which brings together the outstanding electric characteristics of High Temperature Superconducting materials (HTS) with, the shielding magnetic properties of Soft Ferromagnetic layers (SFM), introducing them in the design of power conductors for HVDC and three-phase HVAC networks with nearly zero magnetic leakages and power losses. It is already known that although the HTS conductors offer unbeatable performance features for each one of these networks, their benefits are certainly true when single cables or isolated current-phases are considered, as the large inductive losses produced by any neighbouring cable can be neglected. However, as the electric utility industry for generation and end usage are almost exclusively AC, for three phase power systems or DC systems which will have to share the right of way with them, the reality is that the major factor contributing to the operational costs of HTS networks is the losses produced by the magnetic field created by each one of the other cables, a situation that can only be understood by the numerical modelling of these kind of applications, as the occurrence of hysteretic power losses needs to be calculated to the fore. For the modelling of real power applications of HTS single- and three-phase power transmission lines, a conductor is more than just the HTS material, and in this sense two major types of insulation schemes for retrofitting underground power transmission lines with HTS conductors, the Warm dielectric (W-) and Cold dielectric (C-) designs will be considered, with the novel feature of adding HTS/SFM metastructures to reduce the hysteretic losses of the entire system. In a first stage, we will embed a multifilamentary HTS cable into SFM sheaths, such that the magnetization losses produced by the concomitant action of co-axial cables is reduced or, virtually eliminated, without the need of having further HTS shields which also serve as an additional source of power losses. Similar metastructures have been demonstrated to enhance the mechanical properties of HTS cables, but its electromagnetic behaviour for different superconducting and ferromagnetic composites and their overall performance under three-phase or DC multiconductor configurations is unknown. We aim to study different magnetic sheaths for HTS/SFM warm conductors into the actual commercial market of SFMs for power applications. In this sense, 33 different SFM materials with relative magnetic permeability ranging from ~1 to 35000 will be considered as part of this project, leading to the world's first map of AC-losses for single phase HTS/SFM transmission lines. This will be then extended to triaxial and triad designs of warm and cold dielectric transmission lines, finding the best route of investment for this technology with a significant cost reduction and efficiency gain as the primary targets.The research proposed in this project is the first of its kind on the search of energy-efficient and resilient transmission networks, which in the long term aims to mitigate costs of grid reinforcement, replacement and upgrade of fault limiters and other power management devices, with greater levels of public acceptance and lowering of installation costs, due their reduced need for use of the right of way in highly populated areas.