Low-cost modular solar power system using Total Internal Photonic Absorption (TIPA)

英国拥有90，000兆瓦的发电能力，而尼日利亚的发电能力为4，000兆瓦，是英国的20倍，尽管英国的人口不到一半[1]。尼日利亚国家电网发电量为4,500兆瓦，高峰期电力需求已升至14,882兆瓦。此外，只有54.3%的尼日利亚人口连接到电网，而那些连接到电网的人在60%的时间里遇到供电困难[2]。尽管加纳有足够的电力出口到其他国家，但由于家庭和工业的电力供应不可预测，加纳也陷入了能源危机[3]。这些国家和其他撒哈拉以南国家的电力供应问题对经济增长产生了重大影响。据世界银行称，电力是加纳商业活动的第二大制约因素[4]。可再生能源，特别是太阳能和水力发电，为解决电力危机提供了一个极其可行的选择。但是，尽管太阳能市场在全球范围内增长-太阳能可以被认为与大多数其他能源的每千瓦成本相当[5] -非洲国家继续落后。虽然非洲拥有世界上最好的太阳能资源，但它只占全球太阳能装机容量的不到1%（1.92GW）。许多非洲国家未能认识到太阳能的可行性。例如，肯尼亚的能源管理机构在其“肯尼亚最低成本电力发展计划”中没有对发电作出规定。因此，大型太阳能项目很难获得投资。在小规模市场，由于获得资金、认识和技术支持服务的机会有限，家庭太阳能系统（SHS）的采用受到限制。虽然光伏太阳能现在比以往任何时候都更具吸引力，但对低收入国家来说仍然昂贵。虽然太阳能长期运行成本低廉，但不幸的是，设置成本阻碍了许多非洲国家的参与[6]。此外，PV太阳能电池板具有22%的适度电池板效率，但是必须以特定的太阳光入射角安装以实现22%，并且需要相对大的表面积。这些特点使得在当地市场的实际安装更加困难，因为当地市场的专业太阳能技术可能供不应求，而且户外空间有限为解决上述成本高、空间有限和缺乏熟练技术人员的问题，我们将开发并推向市场TIPA --一种基于全内光子吸收技术的低成本模块化太阳能发电系统。参考资料[1] www.edfenergy.com/future-energy/uk-energy[2] Aliyu，2013：Alumia-electricity-crisis：发电-容量-扩展-和-环境-后果。[3]Adjapong，2018年：Dumsor：加纳的能源危机，斯坦福大学[4]世界银行，2013年6月：加纳的能源经济增长[5]克利福德，2016年，福布斯：当心，煤炭！迪拜宣布计划建设世界上成本最低的太阳能发电厂[6] 2018年，阿斯塔纳：阳光灿烂的日子和太阳能方式：非洲必须和应该如何填补电力缺口

The UK has 90,000MW of electricity generation capacity compared to 4,000MW in Nigeria, 20 times more despite the UK having less than half the population [1]. Nigeria's national grid generates 4,500MW, peak electricity demand has risen to 14,882MW. Furthermore, only 54.3% of Nigeria's population is connected to the energy grid, whilst those connected to the grid experience power supply difficulties 60% of the time [2]. Ghana, despite having enough electricity to afford exporting to other countries, is also in an energy crisis due to unpredictable power supply to homes and industry [3].The power supply issues experienced in these and other sub-Saharan countries exerts a significant brake on economic growth. According to the World Bank, electricity poses the second most important constraint to business activities in Ghana [4]. Renewable energies, in particular solar and hydro power, provide an extremely viable option to resolving power crises. But, despite the global growth in the solar energy market - solar can be considered on par for cost-per-kW with most other energy sources [5] - African countries continue to lag. While Africa has the best solar resource in the world, it contains less than 1% (1.92GW) of global installed solar capacity. Many African countries fail to recognise the viability of solar-power. For example, Kenya's energy regulatory body, in its "Kenya-Least-Cost-Power-Development-Plan", makes no provision for the generation of electricity. As a result, it is extremely difficult for large-scale solar projects to gain investments.At the small-scale end of the market, adoption of solar-home-systems (SHSs) is restricted due to limited access to finance, awareness and access to technical support services. Although PV solar is now more attractive than ever before, its remains expensive for low income countries. While solar is cheap to run in the long-term, unfortunately, it's the set-up costs that hold back many African states from getting involved [6]. Photovoltaic (PV) panels are built from relatively expensive silicon based materials and shipping from overseas manufacturing, raises the costs even further.Furthermore, PV solar panels have a modest panel efficiency of 22%, but must be installed at a particular angle of incidence to sunlight in order to achieve 22%, and require a relatively large surface area. These characteristics make it more difficult for practical installation in local markets, where specialist solar skills may be in short supply and limited outdoor space (e.g. roof) could be a problem, since domestic dwelling buildings tend to be smaller.To address the aforementioned issues of high-cost, limited space and lack of skilled technical personnel, we will develop and bring to market TIPA - a low-cost modular solar power system based on Total Internal Photonic Absorption technology.REFERENCES[1] www.edfenergy.com/future-energy/uk-energy[2] Aliyu, 2013: Nigeria-electricity-crisis: Power-generation-capacity-expansion-&-enviro-ramifications. [3] Adjapong, 2018: Dumsor: Energy-Crisis-In-Ghana,Stanford-University[4] World-Bank, June-2013: Energizing-Economic-Growth-in-Ghana [5] Clifford, 2016, Forbes: Watch-out, coal! Dubai-announces-plans-for-world's-lowest-cost-solar-plant[6] Labordena, 2018: Sunny-days-and-solar-ways:How-Africa-must-and-should-plug-its-electricity-gap