Ethnic inequalities in child development and health: an examination and comparison across the United Kingdom, the United States, and New Zealand

英国（UK）、美国（US）和新西兰（NZ）的少数民族群体的健康状况要差得多，而且比大多数白人死得早。尽管少数民族群体在经济和物质上往往比白人贫穷，但这些健康不平等背后的原因在很大程度上是无法解释的，这导致他们的健康状况更差。种族主义和歧视的经历也造成了白人和少数民族之间的健康差异。尽管在美国、英国和新西兰，非白人群体的健康状况相对于白人而言存在广泛的相似性，但在国家之间和国家内部以及整个生命过程中，少数民族群体的健康不平等现象各不相同。在儿童健康和发展方面，族裔不平等现象的差异可能是由于主要少数群体的原籍国、移徙原因、所代表族裔群体的文化、经济和人口概况以及公民和政治文化的差异造成的。本项目将考察的三个国家在记录在案的种族不平等、减少不平等的承诺以及健康和社会调查的可用性方面相似，但也有明显的差异，包括医疗保健和福利制度，以及非常不同的少数民族人口，这些差异在移民和殖民的历史和原因方面各不相同。比较这些国家背景下各族裔群体的健康状况将有助于我们更好地了解哪些因素导致了这些不同的和可避免的健康状况，并将有助于决策者了解哪些关键特征可以减少或促进，以解决可预防的族裔健康不平等问题。在拟议的项目中，我将探讨哪些因素影响少数民族和白人多数儿童在童年早期的健康和发展，并导致他们长大后的健康不平等。我将分析四个数据集（一个在英国，一个在美国，两个在新西兰），这些数据集提供了关于少数民族和白人多数儿童的身心健康和发展的详细信息，以及关于他们的家庭、学校、社区和国家背景的信息。本建议项目的主要目标是：1。1 .通过评估一系列生物、社会心理、经济和行为因素的作用，审查在个人和家庭层面造成族裔健康不平等的风险因素。检查可能解释邻里健康方面种族不平等的因素，包括地区剥夺、收入不平等、社会资本和种族密度。3. 分析英国、美国和新西兰之间的结构性差异，作为儿童健康和发展方面种族不平等的可能解释，包括移民因素、原籍国的社会经济特征、社会和公共政策、提供医疗保健的结构以及历史和当代种族关系。

Ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom (UK), the United States (US) and New Zealand (NZ) have much poorer health and die younger than the white majority. The causes behind these inequalities in health are largely unexplained, although ethnic minority groups tend to be financially and materially poorer than white people, and this contributes to their worse health. Experiences of racism and discrimination have been found to also contribute to health differences between white people and ethnic minorities. Although broad similarities exist in the US, UK and NZ in terms of worse health among non-white ethnic groups relative to white people, health inequalities vary across ethnic minority groups both between and within countries and throughout the life course. Variations in ethnic inequalities in child health and development may arise due to differences in the countries of origin of the predominant minority groups, in reasons for migration, in cultural, economic and demographic profiles of the ethnic groups represented, and in civic and political cultures. The three countries that will be examined in this project are similar in terms of their documented ethnic inequalities, commitment to reducing said inequalities, and availability of health and social surveys, but also have stark differences, including in their healthcare and welfare systems, and very different ethnic minority populations, which vary, among other things, in terms of histories and reasons for migration and colonisation. Comparing the health of ethnic groups in these national settings will help us to better understand which factors lead to these different and avoidable health profiles, and will help inform policy makers about what are the key features that can be reduced, or promoted, in other to tackle preventable ethnic inequalities in health.In the proposed project I will explore which factors influence the health and development of ethnic minority and white majority children during the early years of childhood, and lead to inequities in health as they grow up. I will analyse four datasets (one in the UK, one in the US and two in NZ), which provide detailed information on ethnic minority and white majority children's mental and physical health and development, as well as information about their families, schools, neighbourhoods and national context. Key goals of this proposed project are to: 1. Examine the risk factors that contribute to generating ethnic health inequalities at the individual and family level, by assessing the contribution of a range of biological, psychosocial, economic and behavioural factors.2. Examine factors that might explain ethnic inequalities in health at the neighbourhood level, including area deprivation, income inequality, social capital, and ethnic density. 3. Analyse structural differences between the UK, US and NZ as possible explanations for ethnic inequalities in child health and development, including migratory factors, socio-economic characteristics of the country of origin, social and public policies, structures for the delivery of healthcare, and historical and contemporary ethnic relations.