Parenting Young Offenders: Shaping and Re-Shaping Social Networks following Custody

61%的被判监禁的少年犯在服刑期满后返回家庭（皇家监察局，2011年），共有3 925名儿童（10-17岁）被监禁（司法部，2011/12年）。社会联系和家庭关系的重要性与解释停止犯罪以及监禁后积极重新安置的因素密切相关（Sampson和Laub，1993年; Farrall，2004年）。正如这些研究所表明的那样，实际、情感和财政支持是与出狱后更积极的重新安置前景相关的关键因素，包括更大的就业、培训或教育机会。虽然家庭和社会关系的作用可能是支持罪犯的重要机制，但很少有研究侧重于家庭成员在监禁过程中的经历，特别是有子女（10-17岁）被监禁的父母。除了父母在停止和重新安置方面可以发挥的关键作用外，父母还可能因儿童被监禁而受到相当大的影响和社会压力，这最终会损害父母在支持重新安置和停止方面的作用。这些挑战包括她们在朋友、大家庭以及通过一系列社区网络和社会服务寻求支持的能力方面的挑战（Patillo等人，2004年; Rose和Clear，2001年），此外还有对财务和就业的影响、压力、身心健康问题以及养育子女责任的额外压力（例如Ambert，1999年）。该项目将审查哪些网络证明是父母的障碍，哪些网络在帮助父母科普子女被监禁的影响方面起促进和支持作用。在这里，研究将对被监禁的年轻人的父母进行60次深入采访，包括那些被社区处罚或被判刑的人。这将从父母那里收集关于他们与被监禁儿童的经历的数据，并分析父母社交网络上的结果。社会网络分析有助于分析如何显示社会资本的标记，如家庭关系，友谊，正式的支持机构，被监禁的儿童的结果是如何改变的。该项目以两个实地地点为基础-南威尔士布里真德和伦敦的Parc YOI（与兰贝斯青年犯罪小组和囚犯家属和朋友服务处合作）。有关组织制定了支持家庭科普监禁影响的举措，包括育儿支持、咨询和小组支持会议。该项目还将调查来自监狱服务，青年司法服务和第三部门的从业人员在支持父母方面的经验，包括组织和文化环境，资源和参与模式方面的挑战。该项目的重点是评估监禁对家庭生活造成更广泛影响的方式，例如对养育子女的责任、父母的身心健康以及造成社会和经济不利处境的更广泛来源的影响。除了全面了解父母的需求和经历外，研究还将用于支持监狱管理局、青年司法服务局和第三部门，并向其提供建议，以制定更有效的家庭支助政策和战略，特别是那些对重新安置和停止工作产生影响的政策和战略，因为在政策和服务提供方面存在一些差距（监狱监察局，2011年，青年司法委员会，2012年）。

61% of young offenders serving custodial sentences return to their family after completing their prison term (HM Inspectorate, 2011), with a total of 3,925 children (aged 10-17) incarcerated (Ministry of Justice, 2011/12). The importance of social ties and family relationships has been well linked to factors explaining desistance from offending as well as positive resettlement following imprisonment (Sampson and Laub, 1993, Farrall, 2004). As has been operationalized in these studies, practical, emotional and financial support are key attributes associated with more positive resettlement prospects on release from prison, including greater chances of finding work, training or education. Whilst the role of families and social ties can be important mechanisms in supporting offenders, few studies have focused on the experiences of family members in the imprisonment process, especially parents with children (aged 10-17) imprisoned. Besides the key role which parents can play in relation to desistance and resettlement, parents can suffer considerable impacts and social pressures as a result of a child's imprisonment which can ultimately impair parental roles in supporting resettlement and desistance. These include challenges in their capacities to seek support amongst friends, extended family, and via a range of community networks and social services (Patillo et al, 2004, Rose and Clear, 2001), in addition to impacts on finances and employment, stress, physical and mental health problems, and additional pressure on parenting duties (e.g. Ambert, 1999). This project will examine which networks prove barriers to parents, and which serve as facilitators and supporters in helping parents cope with the impact of having a child imprisoned. Here the research will conduct 60 in-depth interviews with parents of young men imprisoned, including those with community penalties or licenses attached to their sentence. This will gather data from parents about their experiences with a child imprisoned, as well as analysing the outcomes on parental social networks. Social network analysis contributes to the analysis how showing how markers of social capital, such as family ties, friendships, formal support agencies, are altered as a result of a child imprisoned. The project is based on two field locales - Parc YOI in Bridgend, South Wales, and London (working with Lambeth Youth Offending Team, and Prisoners' Families and Friends Service (PFFS). The organisations involved have established initiatives which support families cope with the effects of imprisonment, including parenting support, counselling, and group support sessions. The project will also investigate the experiences of practitioners from the Prison Service, Youth Justice Service and Third Sector in supporting parents, including the challenges in organisational and cultural environments, resources, and modes of engagement. The project focuses on assessing the ways in which imprisonment creates wider impacts on family life, such as on parenting duties, physical and mental health of parents, as well as wider sources of social and economic disadvantage. As well as providing a comprehensive picture of the needs and experiences of parents, the research will be used to support and provide recommendations to the Prison Service, Youth Justice Service and Third Sector for creating more effective family-support policies and strategies, especially those which impact on resettlement and desistance where a number of gaps in policy and service provision have been identified (Prison Inspectorate, 2011, Youth Justice Board, 2012).