Legal Tools for Peace-making - Concepts and Practice

自1945年以来，大约缔结了1000项停火与和平协定。已达成的大多数解决方案都涉及由各种行动者进行的国际促进或调解。联合国一直是这方面的主要行动者，但区域组织、次区域行动者、个别政府和非政府行动者也参与其中。由此产生的和平协议清单是庞大而令人印象深刻的，代表了一个几乎没有被学者以全面和系统的方式挖掘的国际实践宝库。在政治科学和国际关系文学中解决冲突和缔造和平领域不乏学术著作。然而，从法律的角度来看，在处理这一领域方面存在着显著的差距。克里斯汀·贝尔（Christine Bell）教授是研究这一主题的仅有的法律学者之一。此外，没有对整个缔造和平的实质性做法进行系统审查。该项目将是第一个对所有已知实践提供如此雄心勃勃的审查和评估的项目。此外，目前大约有40个正在进行的国际化和平谈判，涉及在最终解决中需要处理的广泛问题领域。目前，在每一次新的和平谈判中，都需要就出现的每一个问题领域重新研究解决办法。这个项目的产出将免除这项耗时的任务，因为该项目将为国际和平进程提供详细的解决办法。该项目旨在使迅速发展的国际化缔造和平的实践保持一致，为调解人提供与实践有关的指导，同时对这一迅速发展的法律领域的性质获得重要的概念见解。该项目的目标是：(a)编制一份关于定居做法的分析摘要，首次就可能出现的所有具体问题从以前的条约中提供详细和易于理解的例子；(b)提供有关主要关切问题领域的个案研究，突出不同的解决办法、有关的过去经验及其与其他法律标准的关系。该项目将在此基础上为从业人员编写一份较短的《缔造和平手册》；(c)在较概念性的一级，在一项主要的集体研究中，调查将通过这项分析揭示的解决趋势在多大程度上证明有关个别问题领域的国际法律规则发生了变化；(d)考虑这种发展是否构成国际法的一个新的和独特的分支（和平法），并询问这种专门做法是否有分裂统一法律制度的危险。由于该项目将与联合国和其他参与国际缔造和平的主要国际组织协调进行，因此它具有独特的接触从业人员的机会，使其能够向他们学习并影响他们的行动。目前，在和平谈判中，调解小组和谈判各方必须重新研究每一个问题，因为没有根据以往做法解决具体问题的实质性办法。此外，即使可以找到以前的例子，也没有时间来评估所讨论的方法是如何实现的，以及产生了什么结果。该项目将就谈判中通常出现的一般和具体问题提供一套法律工具包或一套备选办法，为参与缔结和平协定的各种行动者提供指导；从而减少目前在调解努力的质量方面的重大分歧。这也将缓解目前和平调解各方对政府有利的不对称现象

Approximately 1000 cease-fires and peace agreements have been concluded since 1945. Most of the settlements that have been achieved involved international facilitation or mediation by a variety of actors. The UN has been the principal actor in this respect, but regional organisations, sub-regional actors, individual governments and non-governmental actors have also been involved. The list of resulting peace agreements is vast and imposing, representing a repository of international practice that has scarcely been mined by scholarship in a comprehensive and systematic way. There is no shortage of academic writings in the area of conflict settlement and peace-making in political science and international relations literature. However, there is a remarkable gap in the treatment of this area from a legal perspective. Professor Christine Bell is one of the only legal scholars engaging with the topic. Moreover, there is no systematic review of the substantive practice of peace-making in its entirety. This project will be the first to offer such an ambitious review and assessment of all known practice.What is more, there are currently approximately 40 on-going internationalised peace negotiations, covering a wide range of issue areas that need to be addressed in an eventual settlement. At present settlement options need to be researched afresh in every new peace negotiation in relation to each of the issue areas that arise. The outputs of this project will dispense with this time-consuming task as the project will offer detailed settlement options to international peace processes. This project aims to give coherence to the burgeoning practice of internationalised peace-making, offering practice-relevant guidance for mediators, while gaining important conceptual insights into the nature of this rapidly developing area of law. The project's objectives are to: (a) generate an analytical digest of settlement practice, offering for the first time detailed and accessible examples from previous treaties in relation to all specific issues that tend to arise; (b) offer case-studies on the major issue-areas of concern, highlighting different settlement options, relevant past experiences, and their relationship to other legal standards. The project will generate a shorter Handbook on Peace-making for practitioners on this basis; (c) investigate, at a more conceptual level, in a major collective study, to what extent the trends in settlements, which will be revealed through this analysis, evidence a change in international legal rules in relation to individual issue areas; (d) consider whether such developments constitute a new and distinct branch of international law (lex pacificatoria) and ask whether this specialist practice risks fragmenting the unitary legal system. As the project will be conducted in coordination with the UN and other major international organisations involved in international peace-making, it has unique access to practitioners placing it in a position where it can learn from them and also impact on their actions. Currently, in peace negotiations each issue has to be researched afresh by the mediation team and the parties to negotiations, as there is no substantive repository of approaches to the settlement of specific issues based on previous practice. Moreover, even where previous examples can be found, there is no time to assess how the approach in question has been implemented, and with what results. The project will offer a legal toolkit, or a set of options, regarding the general and specific problems, that typically arise in negotiations, providing guidance to the array of actors involved in creating peace agreements; thereby diminishing the present significant divergence in the quality of mediation attempts. It would also bring relief to the unhelpful asymmetry among the parties to peace mediations, currently favouring governments