Urban Coastal Transformations: Promoting transnational policy development in the governance of environmental quality and crime reduction

沿海城市住区给关心环境质量和减少犯罪的决策者提出了一系列复杂和动态的自然、社会和经济问题。2015年期间，研究伙伴关系成员将对位于圣保罗州北海岸地区和英国南威尔士的城市沿海社区的环境质量治理和减少犯罪的最佳做法进行比较范围研究。这将使巴西和英国的合作伙伴能够研究两国在环境质量和减少犯罪方面的具体问题、政策背景和政策界，并确定优先研究课题。在这两个案例研究领域，经济活动发生了迅速而重大的变化，导致性质相似但规模不同的城市转型问题趋同。从世纪中期开始，这两个地区都看到了以前繁荣的海港的迅速衰落，这些海港为传统的当地农业和渔业（北海岸）以及煤炭和钢铁（南威尔士）提供服务。因此，这两个地方的经济基础已经转向能源工业的发展，以及从生产向消费和服务业为基础的经济过渡。在英国和巴西，服务经济的核心是对旅游和休闲的依赖，以及随之而来的新旅游空间的创造。诚然，圣保罗州海岸的社会经济变化速度比南威尔士州要快得多，但两个地区的经济和社会动态相似。保护环境的立法是通过一系列州机构、私营部门安全机构和支持州和联邦警察的志愿团体的活动来执行的。在城市社区内和周围的建筑环境和农村环境中，这种“多元警务”的复杂性要求采取复杂和有力的治理对策。威尔士在环境质量方面的治理模式为巴西提供了一个独特的英国比较。威尔士自然资源部在英国是独一无二的，因为它提供了一个单一的机构方法，旨在可持续地管理空气，土地和水。在减少犯罪方面，刑事司法和警务中基于风险的“预防性转变”一直是减少犯罪和在两个地点建立安全社区的政策影响。在南威尔士，有成熟的预防和减少犯罪治理结构。在巴西，参照机构包括巴西环境和可再生自然资源研究所，该研究所制定、协调、监督、管理、促进和执行自然资源的保护和养护。

Urban settlements on the coast present a complex and dynamic set of physical, social and economic issues for policy makers concerned with environmental quality and crime reduction. During 2015, the research partnership members will conduct a comparative scoping study of best practice in the governance of environmental quality and crime reduction in urban coastal communities located in the North Coast region of São Paulo State and in South Wales, UK. This will enable the Brazilian and UK partners to study specific issues, policy contexts and policy communities of both countries in respect of environmental quality and crime reduction and identify priority research topics. In both case study areas there has been rapid and significant change in economic activity leading to a convergence of urban transformation problems that are similar in nature, but are different in magnitude. From the mid-20th century, both locales have seen a rapid decline of previously thriving maritime ports serving traditional, local, production in agriculture and fishing (North Coast) and coal and steel (South Wales). Consequently, the economic base of both locations has shifted towards a combination of developments in the energy industry alongside a transition from a production to a consumption and service industries-based economy. Central to the service economy, in both UK and Brazilian locales, is an increasing dependency on tourism and leisure, and a consequent growth in the creation of new tourism spaces.Admittedly, the pace of socio-economic change is much more marked on the coast of São Paulo State than in South Wales, but the economic and social dynamics are similar in both locales. Legislation to protect the environment is enforced by the activities of a range of state agencies, private sector security agents, and voluntary groups that support the state and federal police. The complexities of such "plural policing" in both the built and rural environments, in and around urban communities, require a sophisticated and robust governance response. The governance model in respect of environmental quality in Wales offers Brazil a distinctive UK comparator. Natural Resources Wales is unique in the UK as it offers a single agency approach that seeks to manage air, land and water sustainably. In respect of crime reduction, the risk-based 'preventative turn' in criminal justice and policing has been a policy influence in attempts to reduce crime and to create safe communities in both locales. In South Wales there are mature structures of governance concerned with crime prevention and reduction. In Brazil comparator agencies include the Brazilian Institute of Environment and renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), which formulates, coordinates, supervises, manages, promotes and enforces the preservation and conservation of natural resources.