Trajectories of displacement: A multi-disciplinary exploration into return and social repair after mass displacement in northern Uganda

乌干达北部在上帝抵抗军(上帝军)叛乱期间和之后立即经历了世界上最臭名昭著的被迫流离失所事件之一，这场叛乱始于1986年左右，2006年在乌干达领土上结束。乌干达北部的流离失所问题值得注意的是其持续时间--在一些地区持续了十多年；而且从2002年左右开始，它涉及受影响地区的所有农村人口，包括阿奇兰的所有农村人口--约100万人--另外还有80万人来自邻近社区。在冲突的头16年里，几乎没有向受影响人口提供人道主义援助，这是在2003年之后才真正开始的。然而，在接下来的十年里，虽然人口流离失所，后来从2007年开始返回并重建家园，但花费了大量国际资金。援助部署在有形基础设施、支持国家安全、教育和保健服务、解除武装、复员和重返社会方案、建设和平和过渡时期司法倡议以及农业和其他生计发展方面。乌干达北部的行动是国际干预的典范。在冲突期间和冲突结束后，有一个人道主义阶段，一个在返回和重新安置阶段的过渡阶段，随后是发展干预措施，使受战争影响的人口能够收复因流离失所和战争而失去的一些土地，帮助他们达到与该国其他地区相同的发展水平。与许多冲突和冲突后环境相比，乌干达北部的环境简单明了。安全、政治和后勤方面的挑战都是可控的，上帝军冲突具有足够高的公众知名度，各国政府和国际机构提供了大量资金。可以合理地认为，对乌干达北部的干预是可以做到的，但几乎没有人试图从乌干达的经验中吸取教训。本研究旨在通过理解移位来纠正这一不足，并通过相关人员的感知和理解来理解回归。其结果将是一系列研究，它们一起评估的不是具体的干预措施，而是不同部门累积干预措施的实际经验。它将考察社区对自己的应对战略和复原力的理解；他们在解释这些概念时社会资本和民间社会的现状，以及在冲突后恢复期起到帮助和阻碍作用的是什么；以及十年的国际援助干预对他们的生活产生了怎样的影响。从这个意义上说，该项目将解决人道主义发展有罪不罚的问题，这是由于忽视--也许是积极拒绝--学习机会造成的，就像迄今为止在乌干达北部看到的那样。我们的目标是创建一个跨部门、以社区为中心的干预后评估模式。研究小组即将结束司法与安全研究方案的工作，该方案一直在填补关于中部非洲普通人在安全方面的经验的巨大知识空白，以及提供安全服务的公共当局--实际上往往不是国家--是什么。强迫流离失所方案将建立在这一模式和这一经验的基础上，力求通过受影响人民的生活现实来理解流离失所和回归，在这一过程中挑战发展行业的舒适假设。我们预测，不同部门的干预措施将使民众对其长期结果产生积极和消极的体验，并将以能够影响其他冲突后环境中的干预措施的方式传播这一经验。

Northern Uganda experienced one of the world's most notorious instances of forced displacement during and immediately after the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency, which started around 1986 and ended on Ugandan soil in 2006. Northern Ugandan displacement was notable for its duration - in some areas for well over a decade; and for the fact that it involved the entire rural populations of the affected areas from around 2002, including all of rural Acholiland - around one million people - with a further eight hundred thousand from neighbouring communities. For the first 16 years of the conflict there was virtually no humanitarian assistance to the affected population, which only began in earnest after 2003. However for the following ten years, while the population was displaced and later, from 2007, returning to and re-establishing their homes, large amounts of international funding were spent. Aid was deployed on physical infrastructure, support for state security, education and health services, disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes, peacebuilding and transitional justice initiatives, and agricultural and other livelihoods development. Northern Uganda's was a model international intervention. There was a humanitarian phase during and immediately after the conflict, a transition phase during the return and resettlement phase, followed by development interventions to enable the war affected population to regain some of the lost ground caused by displacement and war, to help them attain the same level of development as the rest of the country. Compared to many conflict and post-conflict environments, northern Uganda's was straightforward. The security, political and logistical challenges were all manageable and the LRA conflict was of a sufficiently high public profile that funds provided by governments and international institutions were substantial. The intervention in northern Uganda was, it is reasonable to assume, done as well as these things can be done.However there has been little attempt to learn from the Ugandan experience. This research aims to correct this deficiency through understanding displacement and return through the perceptions and understandings of the people concerned. The outcome will be a series of studies that together evaluate not so much specific interventions but the lived experience of cumulative interventions in different sectors. It will look at communities' understandings of their own coping strategies and resilience; of the current state of their social capital and civil society as they interpret the notions and what has helped and hindered in the post-conflict recovery period; and of how ten years of international aid interventions, largely 'off the shelf' but sometimes attempting something more targeted, have affected their lives. In this sense the project will address humanitarian-development impunity, which is fostered by neglect - perhaps active rejection - of learning opportunities, as has been seen so far in northern Uganda. We aim to create a model for community-centred post-intervention evaluation across sectors. The research team are soon to conclude work on the Justice and Security Research Programme, which has been filling a massive knowledge gap on the experiences of ordinary people around security in Central Africa, and what are the public authorities - in practice very often not the state - which provide security services. The forced displacement programme will build on this model and this experience, seeking to understand displacement and return through the lived realities of affected people, in the process challenging the comfortable assumptions of the development industry. We predict that interventions in different sectors will emerge as positively and negatively experienced by populations in terms of their long-term outcomes, and that this learning will be disseminated in ways that can influence interventions in other post conflict settings.