PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSIVITY AND BEHAVIOR IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

本项目的总体目的是调查 自主神经系统（ANS）活动、注意力和信息 在病理学、病因学和病理学中的处理及其相互关系， 各种精神疾病的预后。第二个目的是 确定与ANS活动相关的生物和心理过程 和注意力ANS活动通过外周测量来评估，例如皮肤 电导率心率和皮肤温度受试者在以下条件下接受测试 休息条件，音调的呈现，以及任务的执行，如 反应时间心算和记忆力生物机制是 通过将这些变量与酶活性相关联来研究， 神经肽和生物胺及其代谢物的水平， CT和PET扫描显示的脑功能障碍。 最近和当前的工作：1）精神分裂症患者与对照组进行比较 以及情感和焦虑障碍患者，我们正在研究 传统的精神安定药物氟奋乃静与新的 药物，氯氮平，与安慰剂相比。氯氮平明显减弱 ANS活性与其他两种治疗相比， 对注意力的影响。2)年轻的成年后代 患有双相情感障碍的患者，他们有发展为 情感障碍，没有表现出低ANS活动常见于 有症状的抑郁症，但他们在皮肤电导反应过度， 反应轻微的压力，这些表现出非典型的偏侧化。这些 受试者对压力也表现出非典型的主观反应-- 抑郁的自我评定随着正常的增加而沿着增加， 焦虑，他们表现出强烈的相关性之间的状态和 特质焦虑和ANS活动在对照组中未见。结果支持A 情感障碍发展的致敏模型。3)研究 父母的“表达的谨慎”的关系，批评的指数 和/或过度参与，以及父母诊断与ANS活动， 患有强迫症的儿童和青少年。父母 表达的情绪，尤其是父亲，与高皮肤有关。 这些孩子的电导活动。

The general purpose of this project is to investigate the roles of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, attention, and information processing and their interrelationships in the pathology, etiology, and prognosis of various psychiatric disorders. A second purpose is to determine biological and psychological processes related to ANS activity and attention. ANS activity is assessed by peripheral measures such as skin conductance, heart rate, and skin temperature. Subjects are tested under conditions of rest, presentation of tones, and performance on tasks such as reaction time, mental arithmetic, and memory. Biological mechanisms are investigated by correlating these variables with enzyme activity, neuropeptides, and levels of biogenic amines and their metabolites and with brain dysfunction as revealed by CT and PET scans. Recent and current work: 1) Schizophrenic patients are compared to controls and patients with affective and anxiety disorders, and we are studying the effects of a conventional neuroleptic drug, fluphenazine with the newer drug, clozapine, in comparison to placebo. Clozapine markedly attenuated ANS activity compared to both other treatments and had about the same effect on attention as the neuroleptic. 2) Young adult offspring of patients with bipolar affective disorder, who are at risk for developing an affective disorder, did not show the low ANS activity commonly seen in symptomatic depressives, but they were hyperresponsive in skin conductance reactions to mild stress, and these showed atypical lateralization. These subjects also showed an atypical subjective response to stress -- self-ratings of depression increased along with a normal increase in anxiety and they showed atypically strong correlations between state and trait anxiety and ANS activity not seen in controls. The results support a sensitization model of the development of affective disorders. 3) A study of the relationships of parental 'Expressed Emotion', an index of criticism and/or overinvolvement, and of parental diagnosis with ANS activity in children and adolescents who have obsessive-compulsive disorder. Parental expressed emotion, especially in fathers, is related to high skin conductance activity in these children.