Out of camp or out of sight? Realigning responses to protracted displacement in an urban world

几十年来，国际社会对逃离战争或政治迫害的人民大规模流动的反应一直是在难民营提供人道主义援助。然而，尽管关于将被迫流离失所者留在往往不适合居住的偏远地区并依赖人道主义援助的负面影响的辩论非常激烈，但营地仍然是对新的难民危机的默认反应。然而，营地并不是世界上大多数流离失所者的选择，估计表明，60%以上的难民和一半的国内流离失所者现在居住在城镇。研究、国际政策话语和地方行动的进展都很缓慢。城市难民和国内流离失所者的经历、他们对福利和自力更生的理解以及他们对收容社区的贡献仍未得到充分研究。我们迫切需要证据，为长期流离失所的创新解决方案提供信息，这些解决方案既要支持流离失所者的具体脆弱性，又要支持他们经常生活在其中的城市贫困人口的需求。本研究的最终目标是改善难民、回返者和国内流离失所者的自力更生、福祉和生产性生计，研究城市应对长期流离失所的潜力，以评估城市如何促进流离失所者的自力更生和融入当地，同时使东道国政府和社区受益。这项研究是第一个比较城市和难民营流离失所经历的大规模研究，并为这些不同环境下流离失所者的比较结果提供证据分析。它的重点是有大量流离失所人口的四个国家：阿富汗、埃塞俄比亚、约旦和肯尼亚。最终目标是改善流离失所者的福祉和生产性生计，使他们能够充分参与城市生活并为东道国城市作出贡献。本研究的总体目标是：1。为国家和地方政府、人道主义机构和捐助者建立一个证据基础，了解在难民营与城市地区收容流离失所者的机遇和挑战2。促进评估目前对城市长期流离失所问题的反应，提高对难民和国内流离失所者未得到满足的需求以及对收容城市可能作出的经济和社会贡献的认识。建设市政当局、流离失所者、城市贫民组织和其他地方行动者的能力，利用参与式规划为被迫流离失所制定创新、包容的解决方案。所研究的国家收容了世界上最大的一些难民和国内流离失所者。这四个国家都依靠国际援助来支付流离失所者的费用，特别是那些在难民营中没有工作权利和行动自由可能受到限制的人。这四个国家中有三个正在试行《难民综合应对框架》（Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework），这是联合国2016年管理被迫流离失所的愿景。通过与流离失所者和收容人口建立伙伴关系，以及国际专家、业务行为者、发展中国家学者、当地非政府组织和受影响社区之间的合作，该研究项目将产生：评估城市应对措施如何支持以权利为基础的地方融合方法；为面临大量人口涌入的市政府提供指导，并为长期流离失所问题创新解决方案的国际政策和决策提供证据。

For decades, the response by the international community to mass movements of people fleeing war or political persecution has been to provide humanitarian assistance in camps. Yet despite highly-charged debates on the negative impact of maintaining forcibly displaced people in often inhospitable and remote regions and dependent on humanitarian assistance, camps have continued to be a default response to new refugee crises. Camps are not, however, the choice of the majority of the world's displaced people, and estimates suggest that over 60% of refugees and half of internally displaced persons (IDPs) now live in towns and cities. Research, international policy discourse and local action have been slow to catch up.The experiences of urban refugees and IDPs, their understandings of well-being and self-reliance, and their contributions to host communities remain understudied. There is a critical need for evidence to inform innovative solutions to protracted displacement that support both the specific vulnerabilities of displaced people and the needs of the urban poor amongst whom they often live.With the ultimate goal of improving self-reliance, well-being and the productive livelihoods of refugees, returnees and IDPs this research examines the potential of an urban response to protracted displacement to assess how cities can foster displaced people's self-reliance and local integration, while benefitting host governments and communities. The research is the first large-scale study to compare experiences of displacement in cities and camps and provide evidenced analysis of the comparative outcomes for displaced people in these different settings. It focuses on four countries with large displaced populations: Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Jordan and Kenya, The ultimate goal is to improve the well-being and productive livelihoods of displaced people and to enable their full participation in urban life and contribution to host cities. The overall aims of the research are to:1. Build an evidence base for national and local governments, humanitarian agencies and donors on the opportunities and challenges of hosting displaced people in camps vs. urban areas2. Promote an assessment of current responses to urban protracted displacement, raising awareness of unmet need and the potential economic and social contributions of refugees and IDP for host cities3. Build the capacity of municipal authorities, displaced people, organisations of the urban poor and other local actors to use participatory planning to develop innovative, inclusive solutions to forced displacement.The countries studied host some of the largest refugee and IDP populations in the world. All four countries rely on international aid to support the costs of the displaced - particularly those in camps who lack the right to work and whose freedom of movement may be limited. Three of the four countries are piloting the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, the UN's 2016 vision for managing forced displacement. Through partnership with displaced and host populations, and collaborations between international experts, operational actors, developing-country academics, local NGOs and affected communities, this research project will produce: an assessment of how an urban response can support a rights-based approach to local integration; guidance for municipal governments facing large influxes of people, and evidence to support international policy and decision-making on innovative solutions to protracted displacement.