Humanitarianism against hostility: Volunteer hospitality in Australia and Europe

被迫流离失所的人数已达到全球历史最高水平，增至7080万人(难民署2019年)。潜在“东道国”的公民和政府的反应从好客和欢迎到敌意和恐惧不一而足。“反对敌意的人道主义”是一个及时而重要的项目，它考察了两个西方背景--澳大利亚和欧洲--的移民自愿人道主义日益高涨的全球现象。寻求到达这些目的地的移民越来越多地受到政府的威慑反应。然而，面对如此敌对的政策环境，许多公民自愿支持移民。援助是广泛和多样的，从搜救船巡逻到物资和食物援助，再到欢迎和接待。志愿服务也成为激进主义和团结的源泉，志愿者们倡导移民权利，并帮助跨境移民。这项研究采用人种学的方法来探索西方国家在国内传递的人道主义。需要进行人种学研究，为经常在争议性层面上进行的关于强迫移徙的公开辩论注入证据。这些发现揭示了惩罚性威慑政策的有害影响，揭示了志愿者在日常援助工作中面临的机会和限制，并对人道主义遭遇进行了细致入微的描述，不仅提供了人们为什么帮助的见解，也提供了人们如何帮助的洞察。《反对敌意的人道主义》建立在我对澳大利亚志愿者人道主义的博士研究基础上，并将研究结果扩展到欧洲背景。我在澳大利亚的研究发现，志愿者人道主义利用公平、睦邻和非殖民化的言论，制定人道主义战略，将其作为威慑之外令人满意的替代方案。这些战略旨在吸引更广泛的公众，他们中的大多数人投票支持威慑。通过利用公平和帮助邻居的道德责任感和责任感，这些战略有可能改变政策氛围。然而，人道主义环境中也存在性别、种族主义和分类的紧张局势，这对集体行动构成了障碍。该项目旨在巩固和宣传博士研究成果，并进入有关欧洲人道主义的新的相关研究。为此，主要产出将包括一本专著、人道主义讲习班和初步实地考察工作。这本专著将涉及人道主义的批判人类学，概述澳大利亚的政治气候，并提出人道主义战略，因此对学者和实践者都有吸引力。利用我现有的网络，讲习班将与不同学科和专业背景的学者和从业人员(非政府组织、个案工作者、学者、艺术家和戏剧从业人员)合作，分享人道主义战略和工具。我的新研究将探索英国志愿者参与欧洲对移民的人道主义努力的经历，同时英国脱欧公投后反移民的民族情绪依然存在。这将需要在伦敦与帮助难民等非政府组织的志愿者进行初步实地考察，并制定一项资金提案，以进一步开展这项研究。最终，该项目将建立一个强有力的理论，说明志愿人道主义者在敌对环境中的政治主体性。它阐明了志愿者的归属点和责任，为公民如何采取政治和道德行动提供了洞察，从而对公共辩论和学术研究做出了重要贡献。通过这样做，它促进了人道主义的批判性人类学，宣传了威慑的有害影响，并提供了通过与从业者和学者的接触了解到的人道主义替代方案的例子。

The number of forcibly displaced people has reached an all-time global high, growing to 70.8 million (UNHCR 2019). Responses of citizens and governments of potential "host countries" have ranged from hospitality and welcome to hostility and fear. "Humanitarianism against hostility" is a timely, important project examining the rising global phenomenon of volunteer humanitarianism for migrants across two western contexts: Australia and Europe. Migrants seeking to reach these destinations increasingly meet governmental deterrence responses. Yet, in the face of such hostile policy environments, many citizens have volunteered to support migrants. Assistance has been extensive and varied, from search and rescue boat patrols to material and food aid to welcoming and hosting. Volunteering has also become a source of activism and solidarity, with volunteers advocating for migrant rights and assisting migrants across borders.This research takes an ethnographic approach to exploring humanitarianism delivered "at home" in western nations. Ethnographic research is needed to inject evidence into public debates about forced migration that are frequently conducted at a polemic level. The findings shed light on the detrimental impact of punitive deterrence policies, uncover the opportunities and limitations volunteers face in everyday efforts to assist, and offer a nuanced account of the humanitarian encounter, providing insight into not only why but how people help."Humanitarianism against hostility" builds on my PhD research on volunteer humanitarianism in Australia, and extends the findings into the European context. My Australian research found that volunteer humanitarianism drew on discourses of fairness, neighbourliness and decolonisation to develop humanitarian strategies as palatable alternatives to deterrence. Strategies were designed to appeal to the wider public, the majority of whom voted for deterrence. By drawing on a sense of moral responsibility and duty to be fair and help one's neighbour, these strategies had potential to change the policy climate. However, there were also gendered, racialised and classed tensions within humanitarian environments, which presented obstacles to collective action. This project aims to consolidate and publicise the PhD findings, and move into new related research on European humanitarianism. To do so, key outputs will include a monograph, a workshop on humanitarianism, and preliminary fieldwork. The monograph will engage with the critical anthropology of humanitarianism, outline the Australian political climate, and present humanitarian strategies, therefore appealing to both academics and practitioners. Drawing on my existing networks, the workshop will collaboratively engage academics and practitioners across a range of disciplinary and professional backgrounds (NGOs, caseworkers, academics, artists and theatre practitioners) to share humanitarian strategies and tools. My new research will explore the experience of British volunteers participating in European humanitarian efforts for migrants, while anti-migrant national sentiment persists following the Brexit referendum. This will entail preliminary fieldwork in London with volunteers in NGOs such as Help Refugees, and the development of a funding proposal to further pursue this research.Ultimately, this project will develop a robust theory of the political subjectivities of volunteer humanitarians in climates of hostility. This makes an important contribution to public debate and academic scholarship by illuminating the locus of belonging and responsibility for volunteers, providing insight into how citizens take political and moral action. In doing so, it contributes to a critical anthropology of humanitarianism, publicises the detrimental impacts of deterrence, and offers examples of humanitarian alternatives informed by engagement with practitioners and academics.