Exploring the impacts of hybridisation on the local conflict trajectories of Madagascar

自殖民时期以来，马达加斯加经常发生不同阶段的冲突（例如：政治紧张局势（一人或两人死亡）和低强度冲突（100至1000人死亡））。到目前为止，马达加斯加人还不能解释为什么国家一级的冲突轨迹差别如此之大。这个国家一直在与外部行为者、他们的文化和意识形态，或他们的治理模式接触。地方与国际之间的这些相互作用造成了各种情况，例如，合作、接受、拒绝、冲突，甚至是高度暴力。尽管最近在研究涉及“国际/自由主义和地方/非自由主义机构、实践和价值观”形成的混合过程方面取得了进展，但人们对这些过程影响地方冲突轨迹的方式知之甚少。这个项目将回答以下问题：1)混合背后的动力是什么，即马达加斯加国际（自由/非自由）和地方/非自由机构、实践和价值观的形成？2)这些动态如何影响当地的冲突轨迹，如升级、降级和该国冲突阶段的延长？本项目认为，在马达加斯加的两个地方，混合进程在地方层面的变化导致了不同的冲突结果，形成了地方冲突的轨迹。为了确定混合的特征及其在不同时期和不同地方背景下对冲突的影响，该项目考察了国际和地方的相互作用对中心（塔那那利佛）和外围（塔那那利佛、托阿马西纳和马哈扬加）冲突轨迹的影响，并在三个时期内进行了不同的国际影响：1945年后法国殖民统治时期（1945 - 1960），后殖民时期（1960 - 1991），后冷战时期（1991年以后）。PI将从事两种不同类型的工作：一种是概念性的（探索混合和杂交），这将需要在马达加斯加和法国进行档案研究。另一种是经验（评估其对冲突轨迹的影响），通过组织“叙事研讨会”，在这些过程中产生新的初级和自下而上的数据，在此期间，包括社区代表在内的当地利益相关者将被邀请讲述他们自己关于和平与冲突的叙述。在这个项目中收集的文本将通过话语分析（一种研究与其社会背景相关的书面或口头语言的研究方法）进行检查，混合对冲突轨迹的影响将通过过程追踪进行评估，这是一种检查政治和社会现象并评估因果主张的工具。一方面，该项目通过提出对超越自由主义秩序的国际的理论和概念理解，对混合理论具有重要意义。另一方面，它将通过一种叫做德尔菲技术的方法产生的当地叙述，允许通过参与性焦点小组收集叙述，将有助于了解这个国家的冲突动态。这项研究将提供自下而上的证据，帮助参与和平进程的行动者在处理冲突时制定解决方案，并同样帮助他们在不同层面制定更好的政策进程。它的独创性还在于它认识到地方社区作为变革推动者的能力，而不仅仅是接受者，同时为这些地方叙事发声。这是赋予地方行动者权力的一种方式，使他们能够适应当地的和平进程。这将使马达加斯加社会受益，并对更广泛的世界产生影响。

Madagascar has experienced regular episodes of conflict with various stages since the colonial period (e.g.: political tension situations (one or two deaths) and low intensity conflicts (between 100 to 1000 deaths)). So far, the Malagasy have not been able to explain why the conflict trajectories vary to such a great extent at the national level. This country has been in contact with external actors, their cultures and ideologies, or their modes of governance. These interactions between the local and the international created various situations involving, for example, collaboration, acceptance, rejection, clashes and even high levels of violence. Despite the recent advances in the study of processes of hybridisation involving the formation of "international/ liberal and local/ non-liberal institutions, practices and values, very little is understood regarding the way in which these processes affect local conflict trajectories. This project will respond to the following questions:1)What are the dynamics behind hybridisation, namely the formation of international (liberal/ illiberal) and local/ non-liberal institutions, practices and values in Madagascar?2)How do these dynamics affect the local conflict trajectories such as escalation, de-escalation, and protraction of conflict stages in the country?This project argues that the variations of the processes of hybridisation at the local level in two Malagasy localities have led to various conflict outcomes shaping the local conflict trajectories. To identify the character of hybridisation, and its impact on conflict at different times and in different local contexts, the project examines the effects of the interaction of the international and the local on conflict trajectories in both the centre (Antananarivo) and the periphery ( Antsiranana, Toamasina, and Mahajanga), and over three periods of time, each with different international influences: post-1945 French colonial rule (1945 - 1960), the post-colonial period (1960 - 1991), and the post-cold war period (since 1991). The PI will engage in two different types of work: one is conceptual (exploring hybridity and hybridisation) which will require archival research both in Madagascar and in France. And the other is empirical (assessing its impact on conflict trajectories) entailing the generation of new primary and bottom-up data on these processes through the organisation of "narrative workshops" during which local stakeholders, including representatives from the communities, will be invited to tell their own narratives about peace and conflict. The texts that will be gathered in this project will be examined through discourse analysis (a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context) and the impact of hybridisation on conflict trajectories will be assessed through process tracing, a tool to examine political and social phenomena and evaluate causal claims. On the one hand, this project has important implications for theories of hybridisation by proposing a theoretical and conceptual understanding of the international going beyond the liberal order. On the other hand, the local narratives that it will generate through a methodology called Delphi technique, allowing the collection of narratives through participatory focus groups, will help to understand the conflict dynamics in this country. The research will provide bottom-up-based evidence that will help actors involved in peace processes to shape solutions as they address conflicts, and in the same vein, help them develop better policy processes at different levels. Its originality also lies in the fact that it recognizes the capacity of the local communities to act as agents of change not as mere recipients while giving voice to these local narratives. This is one way of empowering local actors so that they can appropriate local peace processes. This will benefit Malagasy society and have an impact in the wider world.