Understanding the Intersections between Care Experience and Ethnicity in Criminal Justice Involvement

目前，政府不知道其照顾的儿童(例如，寄养儿童或儿童之家的儿童)中有多少参与了青年司法系统，或其中有多少儿童被青年拘留(见Hunter，2019；Laming，2016)。它不知道有多少有护理经验的个人卷入刑事司法并被监禁(见Fitzpatrick等人)。2019年)。没有数据概述成为正义参与者的有护理经验的人的种族。由ADR UK资助的新的司法部/DFE链接的行政数据集将首次使分析种族、护理经验和刑事司法参与之间的交集成为可能。这项奖学金将直接建立在我的博士研究基础上，即英格兰和威尔士青少年司法系统中受照顾儿童和黑人、亚洲和少数族裔(BAME)儿童的过度代表性。这项研究利用了官方统计数据和对青少年司法和儿童服务专家的27次深度采访。主要是，研究表明，与种族和照顾地位有关的现有不平等加剧了，BAME照顾儿童经历了复杂的劣势(Hunter，2019)。然而，论文发现，在很大程度上是由于官方数据不足，关于种族和受照顾地位在青年司法参与中的交集仍有许多未知之处。研究证据表明，护理系统中的失误既会增加司法系统接触的风险，也会影响司法系统的途径(见Hunter，2019年)。证据还表明，事件的频率，而不是严重性，对受照看儿童的刑事司法干预影响最大(见Shaw，2014)。新的关联数据集意味着现在可以探索有护理经验的个人的侵犯开始时间和频率，以及种族的作用。此外，有关照顾史的信息意味着我们可以探索各种经历对刑事司法结果的影响。研究表明，进入托儿所和多次安置的年龄可能会影响违法行为(例如Baskin&Sommers，2011；Darker，Ward&Caulfield，2008；Jonson-Reid&Barth，2000)。然而，没有研究考虑护理经验的某些特征可能如何影响不同族裔群体的刑事司法结果。拉明评论估计，所有被拘留的儿童中，44%来自少数民族背景(PRT，2016：65)。国际研究还表明，种族与参与照顾和司法系统之间存在关系，这一点值得进一步调查。来自美国和澳大利亚的研究表明，托管所的少数族裔儿童有更高的青少年司法参与率(例如，见Dollan等人)。2013年；古德金德等人，2012年；Ryan，Testa&Zhai，2008年；斯图尔特等人。2008年)，并且比他们的白人同龄人得到更严厉的结果(Herz，Ryan&Bilchik，2010)。这项研究的目的是解决关于族裔和受照顾地位在犯罪和青少年/成人刑事司法参与方面的交集方面的知识差距。它将利用新的相关的MoJ/DFE数据来调查有护理经验的个人及其种族群体的发病和违规频率。它将探讨各种照料系统经验(如安置人数)对刑事司法结果的影响，以及这种影响是否因族裔群体而异。在这样做的过程中，它将产生有益于专业人员和政策制定者的结果，最重要的是，BAME关怀经验丰富的个人。

Currently, the government does not know how many of its looked after children (for example, children who have lived in foster care or children's homes) become involved with the youth justice system, or how many of those children reside in youth custody (see Hunter, 2019; Laming, 2016). It does not know how many care experienced individuals fall into criminal justice involvement and imprisonment (see Fitzpatrick et al. 2019). There is no data which outlines the ethnicity of care experienced individuals who become justice involved. The new MoJ/DfE linked administrative datasets funded by ADR UK will make it possible to analyse the intersections between ethnicity, care experience, and criminal justice involvement for the first time.This Fellowship will directly build upon my PhD research on the over-representation of looked after children and Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) children in the youth justice system in England and Wales. The research utilised official statistics and 27 in-depth interviews with youth justice and children's services experts. Principally, the research indicated that existing inequalities in relation to ethnicity and looked after status have intensified and that BAME looked after children experience compounded disadvantage (Hunter, 2019). However, the thesis found that much is still unknown about the intersections between ethnicity and looked after status in youth justice involvement, largely as a result of insufficient official data. The research evidence suggests that failings in the care system can both increase the risk of justice system contact and influence routes through the justice system (see Hunter, 2019). Evidence also points to frequency of incidents, as opposed to seriousness, having the greatest impact on criminal justice interventions for looked after children (see Shaw, 2014). The new linked datasets mean that it is now possible to explore when offending began and frequency of offending for care experienced individuals, as well as the role of ethnicity. Furthermore, information about care histories means that we can explore the effect of various experiences on criminal justice outcomes. Research suggests that age entering care and multiple placements may influence offending (e.g. Baskin & Sommers, 2011; Darker, Ward & Caulfield, 2008; Jonson-Reid & Barth, 2000). However, no study has considered how certain features of care experience might impact upon criminal justice outcomes for different ethnic groups. The Laming Review estimated that 44 percent of all looked after children in custody come from an ethnic minority background (PRT, 2016: 65). The international research also suggests that there is a relationship between ethnicity and involvement in systems of care and justice, which warrants further investigation. Studies from the USA and Australia suggest that minority ethnic children in care have higher rates of youth justice involvement (see for example, Dollan et al. 2013; Goodkind et al., 2012; Ryan, Testa & Zhai, 2008; Stewart et al. 2008) and receive harsher outcomes than their white peers (Herz, Ryan & Bilchik, 2010). The research aims to address gaps in knowledge with regards to the intersections between ethnicity and looked after status in offending and youth/adult criminal justice involvement. It will utilise new linked MoJ/DfE data to investigate the onset and frequency of offending of care experienced individuals and their ethnic group. It will explore the impact of various care system experiences (such as number of placements) on criminal justice outcomes, and whether this varies by ethnic group. In doing so, it will produce findings which will benefit professionals and policymakers and most importantly, BAME care experienced individuals.