Servants on Grand Tour in Europe in the Eighteenth Century

18世纪欧洲大旅行中的仆人整个18世纪，英国的精英旅行者依靠仆人的技能，比如他们的语言知识、地理知识、商品和服务的价值，来创造一种“英国”的旅行体验。这个项目源于我的博士研究，将研究女仆、男仆、马车夫或其他英国或欧洲私人仆人的角色，以恢复一群我们知之甚少的旅行者，以及他们对大旅行的成败所做的贡献。这些仆人旅行，不是为了自己的生意或娱乐，而是为了他们的精英雇主。案例研究方法将重塑我们对主仆关系的概念。它将研究主人和仆人在旅行条件下的强制接近，这告诉我们关于国家和社会身份的发展，阶级的概念化，以及18世纪劳动力迁移的性质。这项研究的目的有五个方面：1。分析仆人在十八世纪欧洲旅行文化中的参与情况。修正了旅游学者关注精英的倾向，它将促进对旅游作为18世纪欧洲文化、社会和经济力量的更广泛的历史理解。提供一种新的服务关系，强调家庭佣人的代理。为当前关于民族认同、阶级、流动性和劳动力、性别和英欧关系的学术和公共辩论做出贡献。研究旅行和迁徙之间的流动性和连通性。为了确定，18世纪英国高雅文化在多大程度上是建立在世俗技能上的，这些人通常不被视为社会上有教养的参与者。那些为了吸引雇主而刻意发展旅游专业知识的仆人，只是作为导师或其他专业和博学的同伴，在研究中处于边缘地位，这再次阻碍了仆人在塑造英国旅游文化中的作用。对旅行仆人经历的研究将把通常被分开对待的精英阶层和劳动阶层的旅行分析整合到一个框架中。追踪他们的历史将使我们能够将文化和经济分析结合起来，将大旅行与较低阶层的经济世界重新联系起来，并将精英、过渡和文化添加到劳动和移民的历史中。十八世纪旅行的精英维度不需要怀疑，就可以接受有一个便利的非精英对应物。为了理解18世纪英国旅行的社会、文化、经济和政治维度，我们需要考虑那些每天围绕和支持精英旅行者的人，并获取新的原始材料，以便理解英国旅行和身份形成中的“地方”仆人。在18世纪，仆人可以被认为是一个特别流动的群体。该项目将利用不同的流动性、物理、经济、社会理念，并将其与家庭生活的概念进行对比。这项研究将纳入跨国历史和性别研究的方法，并将这些方法与劳工和移徙研究的经济和社会人类学见解结合起来。这个奖学金是我博士后研究长期发展的重要垫脚石。在12个月的期限结束时，我将能够开始在我的项目中深入工作，已经奠定了基础。通过不断增加的出版记录和在18世纪的研究社区中建立一个专业网络，这些基础工作构成了为我的研究概况建立一个方向。它还包括发展有先见之明和令人信服的资助提案，证明我有能力为18世纪社会、文化和经济研究的更广泛领域做出贡献。

Servants on Grand Tour in Europe in the Eighteenth CenturyThroughout the eighteenth century, elite British travellers relied on their servants' skills, such as their knowledge of languages, geography, and the value of goods and services, to create a 'British' travel experience. This project, which emerges from my PhD research, will examine the roles of maids, valets, coachmen, or other British or European personal servants, to recover a group of travellers we know little about and their contributions to the success or failure of a Grand Tour. These servants travelled, not for their own business or pleasure, but for that of their elite employers. A case study approach will reshape our concept of master-servant relationships. It will examine the enforced proximity of masters and servants under travel conditions and what this tells us about the development of national and social identities, conceptualisations of class, as well as the nature of labour migration in the eighteenth century.The aims of this research are fivefold:1. To analyse servants' participation in eighteenth-century European cultures of travel. Redressing travel scholarship's tendency to focus on elites, it will foster wider historical understanding of travel as a cultural, social and economic force in eighteenth-century Europe.2. To provide a fresh account of the service relationship that emphasises the agency of domestic servants.3. To contribute to current academic and public debates on national identities, class, mobility and labour, gender, and British-European relations.4. To investigate the fluidity and connectivity between travel and migration.5. To establish, how far British high culture in the eighteenth-century was built on mundane skills of people not commonly seen as refined participants in society.Servants who deliberately developed travel expertise to appeal to employers feature only on the margins of research, as tutors or otherwise specialised and learned companions, again, further occluding the role of servants in shaping British travel culture. Studying the experiences of travelling servants will bring together into a single frame the analysis of elite and labouring class travel that are often treated separately. Tracing their histories will allow us to combine cultural and economic analyses, to reconnect the Grand Tour with the economic world of the lower orders and to add the elite, transitory, and cultural to histories of labour and migration.The elite dimension of eighteenth-century travel does not need to be doubted to accept that there is a facilitating non-elite counterpart. To understand the social, cultural, economic, and political dimension of eighteenth-century British travel we need to consider those who surrounded and supported elite travellers daily, and access new types of source material in order to understand the 'place' servants held in British travel and identity formation.Servants can be considered a particularly mobile group in the eighteenth century. The project will make use of different ideas of mobility, physical, economic, social, and contrast these with the concept of domesticity. The study will incorporate approaches taken from transnational history and gender studies and combine these with the economic and socio-anthropological insights of labour and migration studies.This fellowship is an important steppingstone in the long-term development of my postdoctoral research. By the end of the 12-month period I will be able to start work on my project in depth having laid the groundwork already. This groundwork constitutes of establishing a direction for my research profile through an increasing publication track record and building a professional network within the eighteenth-century research community. It also includes developing prescient and compelling funding proposals that demonstrate my abilities to contribute to the wider field of social, cultural, and economic eighteenth-century studies.