Sell a man a fish: colonialism, capitalism, and ecology in Africa's Great Lakes

这项研究考虑了专制国家构建内部敌人的方式，以使政策决策合法化，并为失败和忽视辩护。该研究项目的中心是渔业在非洲大湖地区当地经济和想象中的位置变化，重点是乌干达五个最大的湖泊中的三个——艾伯特湖、乔治湖和爱德华湖——位于艾伯丁裂谷（也被称为东非的西部裂谷）。非洲内陆沿海的渔村通常被认为是不道德、过度、非法、退化和贫困的缩影——对环境、发展、安全、公共卫生和国家建设构成威胁，自20世纪80年代以来，这些渔村因其对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的迅速蔓延的影响而臭名昭著。关于这些社区及其湖泊的困境，主要的说法是，上世纪70年代末，后殖民时代的国家崩溃，在随后的几十年里，随着越来越多的人口在日益不稳定的环境下转向湖泊捕鱼，这些社区和湖泊的困境受到了影响。从19世纪中后期，湖泊成为欧洲人发现的目标，到现在，这项研究通过观察乌干达湖泊的经济、生态和外部形象的发展方式，为该地区提供了一个新的视角。这项研究包括定性研究，使用已发表的报告、各种官方政府和传教士档案以及英国和乌干达机构持有的私人文件。它围绕三个关键的相互关联的主题进行分析：国家暴力和惩罚；宗教和仪式；资本主义社会生态关系。这个研究项目将湖区重塑为充满活力和持久的土著抵抗、逃避和宗教实践的区域，同时也是欧洲人和非洲人早期和强烈的资本主义渗透和积累的区域。这项研究考察了这种不寻常的断裂和连续性的结合，使湖泊及其海岸线成为殖民和非洲当局和传教士深刻而持久的矛盾心理的来源。通过强调湖泊空间的重要性，这项研究挑战了社会和经济史学和地理学中对土地（包括农业和放牧社区）的研究的偏见。在许多局外人的想象中，湖泊渔业是一个堕落、危险的地方，它遭受了普遍漠视、偶尔的威权主义和长期无节制的掠夺的有毒组合。我在这个研究项目中的目的是，以某种方式展示这段历史的后果，为寻求管理这一资源的当地社区的行为和目标以及政府和非政府组织的干预提供信息。湖泊渔业的各种利益相关者倾向于采用相当静态、浪漫化、受害或妖魔化的渔民形象，将其视为个人主义者，表现出超自然的竞争力，并因其环境而降低了对风险的认识。参考前殖民时期、前资本主义经济和产权制度及其遗留下来的令人痛苦的遗产，本研究项目的影响活动和出版物将为低洼湖泊环境绘制可能的未来和未来制定议程，该环境已经经历了全球气候变化的急剧结束，今天面临着另一个迫在眉睫的威胁，即自2000年代中期以来发现的大量原油储备的开采。通过这一研究和传播过程，该项目将有助于实现以下可持续发展目标：(2)零饥饿；（10）减少不平等；（十二）负责任的消费和生产；（14）水下生活。

This study considers the ways authoritarian states construct internal enemies to legitimise policy decisions and justify failures and neglect. The research project centres on the changing place of fishing in local economies and imaginaries in Africa's Great Lakes region, focusing on three of Uganda's five largest lakes - Lake Albert, Lake George and Lake Edward - in the Albertine Rift (also known as East Africa's Western Rift Valley). The fishing villages of Africa's inland littoral are popularly coded as the epitome of immorality, excess, illegality, degradation, and destitution - threats to environment, development, security, public health, and nation-building, catapulted to notoriety since the 1980s for their implication in particular in the rapid spread of the HIV/AIDS. Dominant accounts of the plight of these communities and their lakes have asserted the impacts of post-colonial state collapse in the late 1970s and retreat over the following decades as growing populations turned to lake fishing in a context of increasing precarity. This study offers a new perspective on the region by looking at the ways the economy, ecology, and external image of lacustrine Uganda developed since mid-to-late nineteenth century, when lakes became targets of Europeans discovery, to the present day. The study consists of qualitative research using published accounts, a variety of official government and missionary archives, and private papers held by British and Ugandan institutions. It orients the analysis around three key interrelated themes: state violence and punishment; religion and ritual; and capitalist socio-ecological relations. This research project recasts the lakes as zones of vigorous and enduring indigenous resistance, evasion, and religious practice, but also early and intense capitalist penetration and accumulation by both Europeans and Africans. The study examines the ways this unusual combination of ruptures and continuities made lakes and their shorelines a source of deep and abiding ambivalence for colonial and African authorities and missionaries. In emphasising the importance of lacustrine spaces, this study challenges the bias towards studies focused firmly on land - of both farming and herding communities - in social and economic historiography and geography. Imagined by many outsiders as depraved, dangerous spaces, lake fisheries have suffered from a toxic combination of general disregard, occasional authoritarianism, and prolonged, unrestrained plunder. My aim in this Fellowship is to demonstrate the consequences of this history in a way that will inform the behaviour and objectives of local communities seeking to manage this resource and the interventions of government and NGOs. Various stakeholders in the lake fisheries have tended to adopt rather static, romanticising, victimising, or demonising images of fisherfolk as individualists exhibiting preternatural competitiveness and reduced perceptions of risk owing to their environment. With reference to pre-colonial, pre-capitalist economies and systems of tenure and the harrowing legacies of what succeeded them, this research project's impact activities and publications will map out possible futures and future-making agendas for a low-lying lacustrine environment which has already experienced the sharp end of global climate change and today faces another looming threat in the form of the extraction of large reserves of crude oil discovered since the mid-2000s. Through this process of research and dissemination, the project will contribute to the following Sustainable Development Goals: (2) Zero Hunger; (10) Reducing Inequality; (12) Responsible Consumption and Production; and (14) Life Below Water.