Practice, Assemblage And Emergence In The Governance Of Freight Shipping

目前全球约90%的贸易通过船舶运输(OECD 2021)，海事和航运治理问题在全球事务中具有重要意义。国际组织、国家和非政府组织断言，在脱碳、海员权利和污染方面，海洋事务仍然存在重大的治理差距。根据一些学者的说法，近几十年来，私人行为者在海洋治理的许多监管优先事项方面发挥了很大的阻碍作用(Roe，2013)。然而，与《政治学和国际关系》(Bueger，Edmunds 2017)中长期存在的“可航海性”相一致的是，人们对航运业在塑造海洋监管和治理方面的作用的理解仍然有限。虽然有些人认识到，航运行为者是全球供应链的命脉，是私营当局在全球海事政策领域中最重要的组成部分，但关于它们参与海洋治理的许多问题仍未得到回答。航运的影响是如何在海洋治理的多个层面上实施的？随着时间的推移，这种影响的程度和做法发生了哪些变化？航运的影响如何以及以何种方式阻碍了更有效的海洋治理？该项目着眼于国际海事组织、欧洲联盟和英国政府这三个治理场所，旨在回答这些问题，首次全面研究航运业在海事事务中的治理做法，这将通过借鉴国际关系最新的理论进展来实现。根据全球治理的更广泛趋势，近几十年来，海洋政策进程呈现出新的复杂性形式。辩论和决策过程现在越来越多地参与(例如)会议接待、科学协商和合作研究与开发。然而，要审查这种治理形式，需要先进的理论和方法工具。因此，本研究借鉴了集聚理论和国际惯例理论。后者是一种理论和方法传统，认为实践是理解社会关系的最重要单位，它是在过去十年中出现的，目的是探索在全球政治中行使权力的过程的完全多样性。该项目特别侧重于行为者建立对能力和权威的看法的做法，将探索在海洋治理政策领域内和邻近的各种做法，并在1948年后时期的海洋治理轨迹中追踪这些做法。因此，总体而言，该项目寻求为两个学术机构做出贡献。首先，由于概念上侧重于实践，这项研究将确定私人权力如何在海事事务中发挥作用，寻求在海事规则制定中对私人权力进行理论化；这些问题在海洋治理和政策文献中仍然基本上被忽视。其次，由于海洋事务的特殊性，该项目有望对更广泛的关于私人权力和跨国治理中出现的文献做出重要贡献，研究迄今为止在政治学中很少受到关注的实践形式。此外，通过创建一个涵盖该项目所有研究伙伴和联系人的开放知识网络，它力求使从业人员对航运政治和现有海事监管漏洞之间的动态有新的了解。该项目将采用混合方法，对当前和最近的治理做法进行大约100次半结构化访谈，同时进行参与者观察和广泛的档案研究。

With around 90% of global trade currently transported by ship (OECD 2021), maritime and shipping governance issues are of great significance in global affairs. International organizations, states and NGOs have asserted that significant governance gaps remain in maritime affairs, in respect of decarbonization, seafarers' rights, and pollution. According to some scholars, private actors have exercised a largely obstructive influence regarding many regulatory priorities in maritime governance in recent decades (Roe 2013). In keeping with a longstanding 'seablindness' (Bueger, Edmunds 2017) in Political Science and International Relations, however, the understanding of the shipping industry's role in shaping the regulation and governance of the oceans remains limited. While there is some recognition that shipping actors, the lifeblood of the global supply chain, comprise the most important constituency of private authority in global maritime policy arenas, many questions about their involvement in maritime governance remain unanswered. How is the influence of shipping enacted across multiple levels of maritime governance? In what ways has the extent and practice of this influence changed over time? How, and in what ways, does the influence of shipping inhibit more effective maritime governance? Focusing on three sites of governance - the International Maritime Organization, European Union and UK Government - this project aims to answer such questions, providing the first comprehensive study of the governance practices of the shipping industry in maritime affairs.This will be enabled by drawing on recent theoretical advances in International Relations. In line with broader trends in global governance, maritime policy processes have exhibited new forms of complexity in recent decades. Processes of contestation and decision-making are now increasingly enmeshed in (for example) conference receptions, scientific consultations, and collaborative research and development. To examine such forms of governance, however, advanced theoretical and methodological tools are required. Accordingly, this study draws on assemblage theory and international practice theory. The latter is a theoretical and methodological tradition that identifies practices as the foremost units for understanding social relations, and which has emerged in the last ten years to explore the full diversity of the processes through which power is enacted in global politics. Focusing in particular on practices through which actors build perceptions of competence and authority, the project will explore a wide range of practices enacted both within and adjacent to policy arenas in maritime governance, and trace these across the trajectory of ocean governance in the post-1948 period. Overall, therefore, this project seeks to make contributions to two bodies of scholarship. Firstly, enabled by its conceptual focus on practice, the study will establish how private power functions in maritime affairs, seeking to theorize private authority in maritime rule-making; these questions remain largely overlooked in maritime governance and policy literature. Secondly, due to the distinctiveness of maritime affairs, the project promises to make important contributions to broader literatures on private power and emergence in transnational governance, examining forms of practice that have hitherto been afforded little attention in Political Science. Additionally, through the creation of an open knowledge network encompassing all of the project's research partners and contacts, it seeks to bring to a practitioner audience new understandings of the dynamics between the politics of shipping and existing regulatory gaps in maritime affairs. The project will adopt a mixed-methods approach, undertaking around one hundred semi-structured interviews on current and recent governance practices, along with participant observation and extensive archival research.