SBE-UKRI: "Looked but failed to see" errors in human vision

我们都有过这样的经历：没有注意到显而易见的东西。有时，这甚至可能是我们积极寻找的东西，比如书写中的错字或肺部x光检查中的癌症迹象。我们项目的目的是了解这些“看了但没看到”（LBFTS）错误的基础科学，并研究减少这些潜在危险错误的可能方法。LBFTS错误不像由单一病毒引起的疾病。有各种不同的途径导致某人不去报告当被指出时清晰可见的东西。我们将研究三条这样的路径。一些LBFTS错误可以被认为是运气不好的一种表现。你不能处理所有的东西，所以有些视觉刺激得到了充分的处理，有些则没有。但这与刺激方案本身无关。Aim 1的实验研究了LBFTS的错误是否主要是由于这些随机错误，还是由于某些刺激的某些因素使它们不太可能被发现。“看”但看不见的概念要求我们定义“看”。当你看一个点时，在这个点周围有一个区域你可以找到你的目标，即使你没有。这被称为功能性视野（FVF）或有用视野（UFOV）。在目标2中，我们研究FVF内的偏差。例如，当你在阅读时，当你看着一个单词时，你会倾向于右边的下一个单词（或左边的单词，例如阿拉伯语或希伯来语），而不是你正在注视的正上方或下方的单词。我们在问类似的问题，但更普遍的是关于视觉的。该项目的两位主要研究人员对FVF中的偏差来自何处有不同的看法。一些Aim 2实验构成了一种“对抗性合作”，我们将在其中寻求解决我们的分歧。最后，Aim 3致力于LBFTS错误，当你正在做一项任务时，当你可能想要注意其他刺激时发生的错误（例如，当医生检查肺部x光片时，它可能显示的不仅仅是病人抱怨的肋骨骨折，比如癌症的可疑迹象）。在这里，我们将尝试开发一些方法来帮助观察员完成他们的主要任务，同时保持对重要但不相关的事件的关注。

We have all had the experience of failing to notice something that is in plain view. Sometimes this can even be something that we are actively looking for, like typos in our writing or signs of cancer in a lung x-ray. The aim of our project is to understand the basic science of these "looked but failed to see" (LBFTS) errors and to investigate possible ways to reduce these potentially dangerous errors.LBFTS errors are not like a disease caused by a single virus. There are a variety of different paths that lead someone to fail to report something that is clearly visible when pointed out. We will study three such paths. Some LBFTS errors can be thought of as a version of bad luck. You can't process everything, so some visual stimuli get processed adequately and some don't. But it is nothing about the stimulus per se. The experiments in Aim 1 investigate whether LBFTS errors are mainly due to these random errors or whether there is something about certain stimuli that makes them less likely to be found. The idea of "looking" but failing to see, requires that we define "looking". When you look at one point, there is a region around that point within which you could find your target, even if you don't. This is known as the functional visual field (FVF) or useful field of view (UFOV). In Aim 2, we study biases within the FVF. For example, if you are reading, while you are looking at one word, you are biased to the next words to the right (or to the left, e.g., for Arabic or Hebrew), rather than the words directly above or below where you are fixating. We are asking similar questions but about vision more generally. The two principal investigators on this project have different ideas about where the biases in the FVF come from. Some Aim 2 experiments constitute an "adversarial collaboration" in which we will seek to resolve our differences. Finally, Aim 3 is devoted to LBFTS errors that occur when you are doing one task but when you might want to be keeping an eye out for other stimuli (e.g. when a doctor is examining a lung x-ray, it may show more than just the fractured rib about which the patient is complaining, such as a suspicious sign of cancer). Here we will try to develop ways to help observers to do their primary task whilst staying attuned to important but non-related events.