CONTROL OF RESPIRATORY SKELETAL AND SMOOTH MUSCLE

基本的前提是呼吸只能在 受控元件、控制器和 非呼吸系统对控制者和受控者的影响 元素，被视为一个集成的系统。系统的每一个要素 有助于调节正常休息状态下的通风， 但这些组件的相对重要性可能会在以下情况下发生变化 环境压力或疾病。 该计划由七个项目组成。项目1涉及中环 协调呼吸骨骼肌功能的因素(项目1A) 以及与整合和协调有关的髓质机制 呼吸系统和心血管反应(项目1B)。项目2评估 呼吸控制的行为方面以及两者之间的关系 呼吸困难和呼吸困难的有意识知觉 呼吸运动反应。项目3评估了神经肌肉 重视上肢功能的婴幼儿呼吸调节 呼吸道肌肉。项目4调查了成年人在睡眠时的呼吸。 项目4A的重点是上呼吸道的功能反应 肌肉及其与几何学和动力学的相互关系 上呼吸道的力学特性；而项目4B研究 产生和终止复发性呼吸暂停和周期性呼吸暂停的机制 呼吸。项目5的重点是呼吸系统的调节 肌肉血流及其在应激适应中的作用。项目6交易 与呼吸肌的神经控制以及它如何与 影响呼吸道反应的细胞机制。中环 6A计划的重点是对气道平滑肌活动的调节； 反射和直接作用于呼吸道的热因素在 项目6B；而项目6C检查固有细胞的影响 平滑肌对呼吸道反应性的影响。项目7 探讨控制肺损伤反应的机制。 以及它们在控制呼吸方面的可能影响。 将获得有关组织和运作的基本数据 呼吸控制器及其与其他控制系统的交互作用。 此外，这些研究的目的是确定机制和 呼吸衰竭的系统和细胞水平的危险因素 将有助于设计和评估治疗干预措施。

The underlying premise is that respiration can only be understood in the context of the interplay among controlled elements, the controller, and the nonrespiratory influences on both the controller and the controlled element, seen as an integrated system. Each element of the system contributes to the modulation of ventilation in the normal resting state, but the relative importance of these components may change under conditions of environmental stress or disease. This program consist of seven projects. Project 1 deals with the central factors that coordinate respiratory skeletal muscle function (Project 1A) and the medullary mechanisms concerned with integration and coordination of respiratory and cardiovascular responses (Project 1B). Project 2 evaluates the behavioral aspects of respiratory control and the relationship between the conscious perceptions of respiratory sensation to dyspnea and respiratory motor responses. Project 3 assesses the neuromuscular regulation of breathing in infants with emphasis on the function of upper airway muscles. Project 4 investigates breathing during sleep in adults. The focus of Project 4A is the functional responses of the upper airway muscles and their interrelationship with the geometry and dynamic mechanical properties of the upper airway; while Project 4B studies the mechanisms that produce and terminate recurrent apneas and periodic breathing. The emphasis of Project 5 is on the regulation of respiratory muscle blood flow and its role in adaptation to stress. Project 6 deals with the neural control of the respiratory muscles and how it is related to the cellular mechanisms that affect airway responses. The central regulation of airway smooth muscle activity is the focus of Project 6A; thermal factors acting reflexly and directly on the airway are studied in Project 6B; while Project 6C examines the effect of the intrinsic cellular characteristics of smooth muscle on airway responsivity. Project 7 explores the mechanisms which control the reactions of the lung to injury and their possible implications in the control of breathing. Basic data will be obtained on the organization and operation of the respiratory controller and its interaction with other control systems. Additionally, the studies have been designed to identify mechanisms and risk factors at the system and cellular level for respiratory failure which will be useful in devising and evaluating therapeutic interventions.