BREAST CANCER ETIOLOGY, DETECTION, AND TREATMENT

人内源性逆转录病毒HERV-K的表达已被 在短期原代人乳腺癌细胞系和类似细胞系中的研究 从正常的相邻组织中建立的线条。在五分之二的乳房中 所有逆转录病毒基因的完整表达被观察到。 相反，一个或多个Herv-K基因在正常人群中表达 相邻的组织系，但没有观察到pol1基因的表达。 HERV-K信息在人血管平滑肌细胞中未见表达 角质形成细胞中仅有蛋白水解酶基因表达。 植物血凝素刺激和非刺激的初级外周血 正常献血者的淋巴细胞偶尔会显示出Long 末端重复序列或蛋白水解酶基因，但不包括与env或pol相关的基因 序列。Herv-K家族与小鼠乳腺的亲缘关系更密切 肿瘤病毒比其他人类内源性逆转录病毒。因此， HERV-K相关完整基因组在两株中的优先表达 五个原代乳腺癌细胞株，但不在对照细胞中，建议 进一步研究内源性逆转录病毒在人类免疫系统中的作用 乳腺癌是理所当然的。在这方面，患者的血清 乳腺癌和增生性乳腺疾病及其家族性亲属 乳腺癌患者似乎对Herv-K表现出更高的反应性 比正常女性和男性的血清更多的多肽。其他血清学研究 正在进行中。与乳腺癌生物学相关的进一步研究 细胞包括端粒酶的研究，端粒酶是负责 端粒的伸长，并被认为与端粒的 癌细胞永生。已经评估了端粒酶的活性 在乳腺癌细胞系中，目前正在进行纯化。 纯化的酶的可用性将促进对 特异性端粒酶抑制剂在未来治疗和发展中的应用 在检测、诊断和治疗中具有潜在应用价值的免疫试剂 乳腺癌和其他恶性肿瘤的治疗。最后，研究了 HBL-100上皮细胞，从健康女性的乳汁中建立， 发现在一些股票中存在梅森-辉瑞猴子病毒(MP-MV) 在这条线上。MP-MV被证明是从SV40独立获得的 基因组，它负责这些细胞的转化表型 细胞。MP-MV和SV40似乎都不是其进展的原因 在体外转化为恶性肿瘤。这些单元格的用户应该知道 一些库存中的MP-MV污染物。

Expression of the human endogenous retrovirus called HERV-K has been studied in short-term primary human breast cancer cell lines and similar lines established from normal adjacent tissue. In two of five breast cancer lines, complete expression of all retroviral genes was observed. In contrast, expression of one or more HERV-K genes was seen in normal adjacent tissue lines, but expression of the pol gene was never observed. No HERV-K information was expressed in human smooth muscle cells, and only the protease gene was expressed in keratinocytes. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and unstimulated primary peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors occasionally showed expression of the long terminal repeat or protease genes, but never of env or pol-related sequences. The HERV-K family is more closely related to mouse mammary tumor virus than other human endogenous retroviruses. Therefore, the preferential expression of a complete HERV-K-related genome in two of five primary breast cancer cell lines, but not in control cells, suggests that further studies on the possible role of endogenous retroviruses in breast cancer are warranted. In this regard, sera of individuals with breast cancer and proliferative breast disease, and relatives of familial breast cancer patients appear to exhibit more reactivity to HERV-K peptides than sera of normal women and men. Additional serologic studies are ongoing. Further studies related to the biology of breast cancer cells include investigation of telomerase, the enzyme responsible for elongation of telomeres and believed to be involved in the immortalization of cancer cells. Telomerase activity has been assessed in breast cancer cell lines and is currently being purified. Availability of the purified enzyme will facilitate investigations of specific telomerase inhibitors for future therapy and development of immunologic reagents with potential utility in detection, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer and other malignancies. Finally, studies of HBL-100 epithelial cells, established from milk of a healthy woman, revealed the presence of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MP-MV) in some stocks of this line. MP-MV was shown to be independently acquired from the SV40 genome, which is responsible for the transformed phenotype of these cells. Neither MP-MV nor SV40 appears responsible for their progression in vitro to malignancy. Users of these cells should be aware of the MP-MV contaminant in some stocks.