UPPER AIRWAYS AND THE CONTROL OF BREATHING

描述（申请人摘要）：胸外气道影响 呼吸很多，但他们的生理一直被忽视，直到公平 最近 该项目自启动以来， 探索和确定上气道对控制 呼吸了 此修订后的应用程序寻求对该项目的重新支持 使我们能够跟进在前一个时期取得的令人兴奋的发现， 融资期。 我们已经证明，自发收缩的 膀胱和颈动脉窦压力升高能够 明显抑制呼吸，在某些情况下， 抑制在运动输出中表现得更强烈， 比横膈膜更大。 这种抑制模式 不仅减少了呼吸困难， 吸气时咽部塌陷造成的阻塞。 抑制 通过来自膀胱的信号的吸气与抑制协同作用 由于肺部充气，因此动物因阳性而保持高肺容量 呼气末压力（PEEP）可能会在几秒钟内变得呼吸暂停， 自发性膀胱收缩 我们打算研究这种组合， 在去大脑猫中系统地刺激，并确定，在两只猫中 和人类受试者，单独和组合的抑制效果， 膀胱收缩、PEEP和颈动脉窦压力感受器刺激 呼吸化学刺激的各种条件。 我们的潜在将军 一种假说认为，这种很少被识别的呼吸抑制刺激， 膀胱压力和颈动脉压力感受器刺激可能在某些情况下联合收割机 导致临床上显著的呼吸障碍的情况。

DESCRIPTION (Applicant's abstract): The extrathoracic airways influence breathing a great deal, but their physiology has been neglected until fairly recently. The purpose of this project since its inception has been to explore and define the influence of the upper airways on the control of breathing. This revised application seeks renewed support for this project to enable us to follow up exciting discoveries made during the previous funding period. We have demonstrated that spontaneous contractions of the urinary bladder and elevations of carotid sinus pressure are capable of markedly inhibiting breathing, and that in some circumstances, this inhibition is expressed much more strongly in the motor output to upper airway muscles than in that to the diaphragm. This pattern of inhibition not only reduces ventilatory effort, but also favors upper airway obstruction by pharyngeal collapse during inspiration. Inhibition of inspiration by signals from the bladder acts synergistically with inhibition due to lung inflation, so that animals held at high lung volume by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may become apneic for many seconds during spontaneous bladder contractions. We intend to examine this combination of stimuli systematically in decerebrate cats and to determine, in both cats and human subjects, the individual and combined inhibitory effectiveness of bladder contractions, PEEP and carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation under various conditions of respiratory chemostimulation. Our underlying general hypothesis is that such little recognized respiratory inhibitory stimuli as bladder pressure and carotid baroreceptor stimulation may combine in some circumstances to cause clinically significant disturbances of breathing.